The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of policies governing the expansion of renewable energy in Mongolia and selected countries. Against the backdrop of global energy transitions and Mongolia’s recent energy challenges, this research aims to identify and evaluate policy frameworks that facilitate the sustainable growth of renewable energy sources. The study delves into the unique socio-economic and geopolitical context of Mongolia, emphasizing the nation’s energy dependence on Russia. The findings of this comparative analysis provide valuable insights for Mongolian policymakers, offering recommendations for enhancing domestic policies that encourage the diversification of energy sources and attract foreign investment. By drawing on successful practices from some countries, this paper aims to contribute to the formulation of effective and context-specific strategies for Mongolia to achieve a more sustainable and resilient energy landscape.

Aaruul is a traditional dairy product from Mongolia, recognized for its nutritional qualities and potential health benefits. Traditionally produced through manual milk processing at home, aaruul is increasingly mass-produced for commercial markets. This study aimed to investigate the effects of X-ray irradiation on Khorkhoi aaruul, a widely consumed small-curd variety. Samples were exposed to irradiation doses of 1 kGy, 3 kGy, and 5 kGy to evaluate reductions in bacterial contamination, extension of shelf life, and compliance with international food safety standards. The changes in vitamin C content and organoleptic properties (taste, texture, and appearance) were systematically assessed. Trace element composition was quantified using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry, focusing on phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and bromine (Br). Results indicated a substantial reduction in bacterial counts, achieving a 95.5% decrease at the 5 kGy dose (from 4.2×106 to 2×105 CFU). Critically, irradiation did not induce significant alterations in chemical composition, sensory quality, or vitamin C levels. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of X-ray irradiation as a viable approach to enhancing microbial safety and prolonging the shelf life of traditional Mongolian dairy products without compromising their nutritional or sensory characteristics. Keywords: Aaruul, irradiation, trace elements, ED-XRF, colony formation unit

To achieve carbon neutrality and enhance energy security, Mongolia is exploring a transition toward hybrid energy solutions integrating small modular reactors (SMRs) and renewable energy sources. This study assesses the feasibility of a grid‐connected hybrid energy system that combines coal, solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, battery energy storage systems (BESS), and SMRs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy reliability. Using the HOMER software, multiple energy mix scenarios are evaluated based on net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and CO ₂ emissions. The optimal scenario (Scenario 4) demonstrates a significant reduction in CO ₂ emissions, projecting a decrease to 6,755,129 metric tons by 2030 compared to the current system’s 10,860,025 metric tons. Additionally, this scenario achieves an NPC of $31.5 billion and an LCOE of $0.0801/kWh, demonstrating both economic viability and environmental benefits. The findings highlight the potential of SMRs and renewables in Mongolia’s energy transition, providing valuable insights for policymakers seeking a sustainable and decarbonized energy future.