The escalating global plastic waste crisis has prompted a search for sustainable solutions, particularly in the construction industry. Recycling plastic waste to create sustainable construction materials, such as concrete, has emerged as a promising approach. This paper explores the potential of utilizing plastic waste in concrete to mitigate environmental impacts while enhancing construction practices. The study emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable practices in response to increasing plastic consumption and waste generation. By recycling plastic waste into concrete, the construction industry can reduce dependence on natural aggregates and minimize environmental pollution. The paper also highlights the economic feasibility and long-term performance of plastic-containing concrete, addressing key challenges and limitations. Through a comprehensive analysis of the environmental, economic, and technical aspects, this paper aims to provide valuable insights into the sustainable use of plastic waste in concrete construction.

Ferrocement is formed of a thin layer of cement mortar that has been strengthened with multiple layers of wire mesh with a diameter of between 0.5 mm to 1 mm. To evaluate the durability criteria for the specimen, a series of cubes and cylinders were cast in this experiment using a mortar mix at a ratio of 1:3 and a water-cement ratio of 0.40 was selected. In this study, the ability of the ferrocement to endure water penetration, sorptivity, and resistance to sulphates were examined. The curing period was chosen to be 28, 56, and 90 days, respectively, in order to track changes in the outcome and investigate the effects of the various curing times on the ferrocement. In order to measure the rate of water absorption by capillarity rise, Sorptivity test was conducted in accordance with ASTM C1585-04. The average absorption rate at day 9 was found to be 84.87 x 10-7 mm/s1/2, 93.78 x10-7mm/s1/2, and 96.34x10-7 mm/s1/2 for 28, 56, and 90 days of curing respectively. The Sulphate attack test was conducted as per ASTM C 1012-2010. The mass loss was observed to be 0.28%, 0.32%, and 0.33% of the original mass, while the strength loss was 6.96%, 6.44%, and 6.33% for the curing periods of 28, 56, and 90 days respectively. According to DIN-1048, part 5, Water permeability test was conducted. Water was pressured with 500 KPa on the specimen to determine its water penetration. The average water penetration of the specimen was found to be 22.33 mm, 18.67 mm, and 14.33 mm for the corresponding curing periods of 28, 56, and 90 days. The results were within the range twaswere specified in the respective code, and they were judged acceptable in terms of the ferrocement's durability guidelines.

This chapter aims at establishing engineering material properties of bovine hard tissue cut out of long bone. The study and design of implants, medical devices, and their bone material necessitate the knowledge of mechanical properties of bone to be evaluated. Braces or steel plates are used as fixation devices in animals who are treated for the fracture to bone or cracked bone. Braces or steel plates are fixed to the bone by rods and screws. For checking the stability of these inserted metallic parts, they have to be compatible with bone. The metal and bone form composite action for the load transfer mechanism. To ensure proper biomechanics and design of these inserts and accessories, we need to know the elastic properties of bone. This chapter establishes the modulus of elasticity, poisons ratio of Bovine femur bone. The experimental study establishes the orthotropic behavior of Bovidae femur bone. This experimental research provides comprehensive mechanical properties of Bovidae femur bone, through series of mechanical tests. By performing compression tests on a bone specimen, stress, strain, elastic modulus, poison’s ratio, and yielding point of bone are established. The bovine long bone exhibits orthotropic or transversely isotropic nature of femur bone as expected. The data presented here is for samples derived from goat and water buffalo. The solid mechanics approach using stiffness matrix is adopted to establish elastic constants. The data of elastic constants, compliance, and stiffness coefficients obtained can be used for finite element analysis to simulate stability of composite, femur bone, and metallic fixation. The values of compression strength, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and shear modulus are higher for water buffalo male than that of female showing gender difference. This may be attributed to lower bone density in females due to hormone secretion.