Purpose To compare prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in Australia, USA, Canada and England and quantify the gap between observed prostate cancer deaths in Australia and expected deaths, using US mortality rates. Methods Analysis of age-standardised prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, using routinely available data, in four similarly developed countries and joinpoint regression to quantify the changing rates (annual percentage change: APC) and test statistical significance. Expected prostate cancer deaths, using US mortality rates, were calculated and compared with observed deaths in Australia (1994–2010). Results In all four countries, incidence rates initially peaked between 1992 and 1994, but a second, higher peak occurred in Australia in 2009 (188.9/100,000), rising at a rate of 5.8 % (1998–2008). Mortality rates in the USA (APC: −2.9 %; 2004–2010), Canada (APC: −2.9 %; 2006–2011) and England (APC: −2.6 %; 2003–2008) decreased at a faster rate compared with Australia (APC: −1.7 %; 1997–2011). In 2010, mortality rates were highest in England and Australia (23.8/100,000 in both countries). The mortality gap between Australia and USA grew from 1994 to 2010, with a total of 10,895 excess prostate cancer deaths in Australia compared with US rates over 17 preceding years. Conclusions Prostate cancer incidence rates are likely heavily influenced by prostate-specific antigen testing, but the fall in mortality occurred too soon to be solely a result of testing. Greater emphasis should be placed on addressing system-wide differences in the management of prostate cancer to reduce the number of men dying from this disease.

Small bowel obstruction caused by internal herniation under ureteric bands is a rare occurrence. Only 6 previous cases have been documented. This case report reviews the case of a 79-year-old male who presented to emergency with abdominal pain requiring subsequent laparotomy and release of internal herniation of bowel under ureter.

Benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) typically presents with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as nocturia and a slow urinary stream

A computed tomography intravenous pyelogram (CT IVP) is a very common investigation performed for a wide range of urological presentations such as abdominal pain and haematuria. We report a rare case of spontaneous calyceal rupture and associated haemorrhage during a CT.