Background and Objectives: This research investigated the morphometric dimensions of the optic foramen (OF), superior orbital fissure (SOF) and inferior orbital fissure (IOF), using indirect measurement techniques such as laser scanning, making it likely the first study of its kind. This study aimed to identify the morphometric variability of the main orbit communications and to highlight the differences between genders. Materials and Methods: The anthropometric study was conducted on sixty dry skulls (120 orbits) of adults aged between 20 and 70 years. Measurements of orbital communications were made using the RS6 laser scanner. The orbital parameters that were investigated are as follows: length and width of the SOF and IOF, and height and width of the OF. Results: In males, the average height of the OF was 8.27 mm and 8.13 mm in females, while the average width of the OF was 6.34 mm in males and 5.83 mm in females. The SOF average length was 21.09 mm in males and 17.58 mm in females. The widths of the SOF in the three thirds (anterior, middle and posterior) in males were 5.14/4.77/7.11 mm and 2.28/3.48/5.80 mm in females. The average length of the IOF was 33.05 mm in males and 32.30 mm in females. The widths of the IOF in the three thirds (anterior, middle and posterior) were 5.61/3.92/4.70 mm in males and 7.24/4.68/4.08 mm in females. Conclusions: The OF height and width were higher in males compared to females. The SOF length and width were higher in males compared to females. The IOF length was higher in males for the right orbit and higher in females for the left orbit. The IOF width for both orbits was higher in females in the anterior and middle third, and higher for males in the posterior third. Evaluation of dry skulls using laser scanning is reliable and recommended for data accuracy. Laser scanning can become a usable method for all indented and hard-to-reach regions of the cranial skeleton.

(1) Background: Diabetic retinopathy and peripheral arterial disease co-occur through shared endothelial pathophysiology. Ankle-brachial index (ABI), the standard peripheral screening tool, demonstrates poor sensitivity (35%) in diabetic cohorts due to medial arterial calcification. We comparatively assessed the association of peak-systolic velocity of posterior/anterior tibial artery ratio (PT:AT) versus that of traditional pressure-based (ABI) with foveal avascular zone (FAZ), a marker of retinal ischemia, and thus hypothesized that PT:AT would demonstrate stronger association with FAZ compared to ABI in our cohort. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional pilot study of 30 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. We aimed to enhance the robustness of our results using five convergent statistical methods. (3) Results: PT:AT showed strong association with FAZ (r = 0.471, p = 0.0086, 95% CI [0.13, 0.71]), with convergent evidence across all five analytical methods. ABI showed no effect (r = −0.024, p = 0.901, 95% CI [−0.38, 0.34]). We showed that velocity-based metrics identify microvascular dysfunction, whereas the pressure-based ABI does not. The mediation analysis showed that the relation of PT:AT to FAZ is not significantly mediated by the resistivity index of ophthalmic artery. (4) Conclusions: In this pilot study, velocity-based tibial hemodynamics showed a stronger cross-sectional relationship with retinal microvascular damage compared to pressure-based ABI. These preliminary findings suggest PT:AT assessment may complement ABI screening in diabetic foot clinics to identify patients requiring intensive retinal surveillance. Multicenter validation is required before clinical implementation.

Background: Diabetic neuropathy affects almost half of diabetic patients, yet the relative contributions of metabolic, vascular and clinical factors remain controversial. We aimed to investigate which risk factors are more associated with reduced corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 30 patients with type 2 diabetes. We assessed metabolic parameters (HbA1c, lipids), vascular measurements (Doppler ultrasonography of carotid and ophthalmic arteries, central vessel density measured by optical coherence tomography angiography), and corneal epithelial thickness. We explored the data using network analysis, then applied penalized mixed-effect regression (in which $\beta$ represents the standardized coefficients with mean 0 and unit standard deviation), followed by generalized additive models and polynomial transformations. Results: Penalized regression identified vascular parameters as dominant predictors: carotid plaques ($\beta$ = −0.609) and intima-media thickness ($\beta$ = −0.574) showed the strongest associations with CNFL. Traditional metabolic markers including HbA1c failed to meet selection thresholds. Bifurcation velocity ($\beta$ = −0.313) and corneal sensitivity measures ($\beta$ = 0.278–0.135) were also significant. The non-linear modeling showed complex vascular–structural interactions. Conclusions: Vascular compromise, particularly carotid disease, had the highest association with CNFL in our cohort. Thus, our study reports a higher effect of vascular parameters than HbA1c in patients with a longer history of diabetes. This may reflect the progression of diabetic complications, where initial metabolic insults are followed by vascular pathology as the primary driver of end-organ damage. Our findings highlight the need for carotid artery screening in diabetic patients for a better estimation of the neuropathy risk.