The understanding of the human genome has been greatly improved by the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS). Despite the undeniable advantages responsible for their widespread diffusion, these methods have some constraints, mainly related to short read length and the need for PCR amplification. As a consequence, long-read sequencers, called third-generation sequencing (TGS), have been developed, promising to overcome NGS. Starting from the first prototype, TGS has progressively ameliorated its chemistries by improving both read length and base-calling accuracy, as well as simultaneously reducing the costs/base. Based on these premises, TGS is showing its potential in many fields, including the analysis of difficult-to-sequence genomic regions, structural variations detection, RNA expression profiling, DNA methylation study, and metagenomic analyses. Protocol standardization and the development of easy-to-use pipelines for data analysis will enhance TGS use, also opening the way for their routine applications in diagnostic contexts.

Physical activity highly impacts the neuroendocrine system and hormonal secretion. Numerous variables, both those related to the individual, including genetics, age, sex, biological rhythms, nutritional status, level of training, intake of drugs or supplements, and previous or current pathologies, and those related to the physical activity in terms of type, intensity, and duration of exercise, or environmental conditions can shape the hormonal response to physical exercise. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the effects of physical exercise on hormonal levels in the human body, focusing on changes in concentrations of hormones such as cortisol, testosterone, and insulin in response to different types and intensities of physical activity. Regular monitoring of hormonal responses in athletes could be a potential tool to design individual training programs and prevent overtraining syndrome.