Agromorphological characterization of cacao accessions in Peru is currently an important tool in the conservation and genetic improvement of cacao germplasm. The objective of this study was to carry out the morphological and agronomic characterization of 113 cacao accessions from the Huarangopampa germplasm bank. Tree, leaf, flower, fruit and seed descriptors were used. The data collected were processed by descriptive statistics using multivariate techniques. Five groups were formed according to similar characteristics. The accessions of group 1 are vigorous trees with an pod index of 19.27 pods/kg of seeds; the groups that presented better differential characteristics were group 2 with erect tree architecture, intermediate vigorousness, purple seed color and pod index of 20.07 pods/kg of seeds and group 3, which had the highest number of accessions with the lowest pod index of 18.77 pods/kg of seeds, besides being vigorous trees and having purple seeds. On the other hand, group 4 presented a particular characteristic of white seed color and high pod indexes with 22.11 pods/kg of seeds. Finally, group 5 accessions were characterized by intermediate tree architecture and vigor with an pod index of 21.3 pods/kg of seeds. The morphoagronomic characterization constitutes a first advance in the identification of cacaos with potential for genetic improvement and advances in the Peruvian chocolate industry.

BIOAGRO is a scientific journal of the Agronomy Faculty of the Universidad Centroccidental Peru has a high genetic diversity of Andean legumes, especially of the genus Phaseolus. Its identification through agromorphological descriptors is essential to promote its conservation, which allows the development of genetic improvement studies. Under this scenario, the objective of the present work was to characterize morphologically and agronomically 58 accessions of common bean (Phaseolus spp) deposited in the germplasm bank of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria del Perú. For this purpose, 24 quantitative and 18 qualitative descriptors were used to evaluate the phenology of each accession. Cluster analysis and multiple correspondence analysis identified the formation of four groups according to their similar characteristics. The largest number of accessions were located in the third and fourth groups. However, the seven accessions that made up the second group exhibited promising characteristics for their high productivity (2777.86 kg/Ha), with white seeds, of acceptable dimensions, with early epigeal germination (10 days), ovate-lanceolate leaves of indeterminate growth (174.79 cm plant height) that develop numerous guides. Besides having a prolonged flowering (33.86 days) with pink and white petals, which give rise to a greater number of green pods (66.71 per plant) until they reach physiological maturity. These qualities make them a valuable source for the appropriate implementation of future breeding programs. El Perú cuenta con una alta diversidad genética de leguminosas andinas, especialmente del género Phaseolus. Su identificación a través de descriptores agromorfológicos es trascendental para impulsar su conservación y desarrollar estudios de mejoramiento genético. Bajo este escenario, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar morfológica y agronómicamente 58 accesiones de frijol común (Phaseolus spp) depositadas en el banco de germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria del Perú. Para ello, se utilizaron 24 descriptores cuantitativos y 18 cualitativos que se evaluaron en la fenología de cada accesión. El análisis de conglomerados y de correspondencias múltiples, permitió identificar la formación de cuatro grupos en función de sus características semejantes. Donde el mayor número de accesiones se localizaron en el tercer y cuarto grupo. Sin embargo, las siete accesiones que conformaron el segundo grupo, exhibieron características promisorias por presentar alta productividad (2777,86 kg/Ha), con semillas blancas, de aceptables dimensiones, con una germinación epigea temprana (10 días), hojas ovada-lanceoladas de crecimiento indeterminado (174,79 cm de altura de planta) que desarrollan numerosas guías. Además de ostentar una floración prolongada (33,86 días) con pétalos rosados y blancos, que dan origen a un mayor número de vainas (66,71 por planta) de color verde hasta alcanzar su madures fisiológica. Cualidades que las convierten en fuente valiosa para la implementación apropiada de futuros programas de mejoramiento genético.

The high rate of depredation of forest resources causes major climatic changes that affect the economic activities and health of populations, plunging them into poverty and social problems. The state is responsible for dealing with these problems, because it has the technical, legal, and economic power to do so. This research aims to identify the factors that limit the design and formulation of public policies for the conservation of natural resources at the level of local district and provincial governments in Peru. For this study, we used qualitative methodology and non-probabilistic sampling, as well as techniques such as unstructured interviews, focus groups, and documentary review; moreover, for data analysis, we applied the theoretical saturation design in grounded theory. The results show that the conservation of natural resources is not positioned as a priority public policy in municipal administrations; furthermore, the organic units of natural resources suffer financial restrictions, and not because of a lack of budget availability, but because of a lack of will and decision-making capacity of authorities and civil servants, as well as a lack of coordination between the different national governments. It concludes that there are conflicts of interest in public policy making, with abuse of power and corruption predominating. Furthermore, the complexity of addressing sustainability criteria and the inability to confront the environmental crisis mean that international summits and national norms are attenuated in the face of the problems of environmental degradation. Deforestation should be considered a major public priority problem because of its environmental, economic, social, and health impacts. These problems require a holistic approach that combines local, national, and international policies and fosters effective and participatory governance.

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a legume of high nutraceutical value, widely cultivated and consumed. However, common bean production faces challenges such as water stress that severely affects its growth and yield. This study evaluated the morphological and physiological response of four native P. vulgaris accessions subjected to different irrigation treatments under greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement was used, evaluating three irrigation frequencies (100%, 50%, 25%) in combination with four accessions (PER1003541, PER1003542, PER1003543, PER1003544). The results showed that with the 25% irrigation treatment, PER1003544 showed a 54.62% decrease in leaf area, while PER1003542 and PER1003543 experienced reductions of 56.56% and 59.24%, respectively. In addition, accession PER1003544 reported a smaller reduction in the number of flowers and pods, with decreases of 40.21% and 29.9%, in contrast to PER1003543, which showed decreases of 60.66% and 52.63%, respectively. Accessions PER1003541 and PER1003544 also recorded the lowest reductions in dry biomass, with 31.85% and 35.41%, respectively. Regarding yield, PER1003544 and PER1003541 experienced reductions of 59.01% and 69.79%, respectively, unlike PER1003543, which showed a 90% decrease. In relation to stomatal density, PER1003541 recorded a reduction of 28.28%, while PER1003544 had a decrease of 37.10%, and PER1003543 experienced a reduction of 47.05%; chlorophyll content showed a similar trend. Finally, PER1003544 maintained a relatively stable stomatal index, with a reduction of 29.01%, compared to PER1003543, which reduced by 60.99%. In conclusion, accession PER1003544 stands out as a promising variety for breeding programs focused on water stress tolerance, contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability in areas affected by limited water availability. However, PER1003541 would be a suitable additional option, offering farmers flexibility in their crop selection according to the specific conditions of their environment.

BIOAGRO is a scientific journal of the Agronomy Faculty of the Universidad Centroccidental The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and organic fertilizers on the vegetative growth of cinchona (C. officinalis) under greenhouse conditions. The study was carried out using a 4A x 3B factorial arrangement (A: mycorrhizal fungus; B: organic fertilizers), which resulted in 12 treatments. The AMF were collected in Leymebamba, San Jerónimo and Conila districts, in the Amazon region, and were multiplied in the nursery in corn trap crops for 80 days. At the same time, the germination of cinchona seeds was carried out for a period of 60 days. The seedlings were transplanted and inoculated with 40 g of AMF and 40 g of organic fertilizer in 1 L containers. The LEY-GALL consortium produced the highest response per plant in height (11.53 cm) and root dry matter (79.93 mg), the LEY-HUM highest in the number (45) and length of roots (18.68 cm ), and in root dry matter (75.83 mg), the SJ-HUM highest in foliar dry matter (317.8 g), and the SJ-GALL highest in leaf area (85.83 cm2), all with statistical superiority over the rest, or the majority of consortia. The plants with the SMA-SA consortium (without mycorrhiza and without fertilizer) showed the lowest values ​​in all the variables It is concluded that the combination of native AMF with organic fertilizers favors the vegetative growth of cinchona in greenhouse conditions. La investigación tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) autóctonos y abonos orgánicos en el comportamiento vegetativo de la quina (C. officinalis) en invernadero. Se utilizó un diseño con arreglo factorial 4A x 3B (A: hongo micorrízico; B: abonos orgánicos), lo que resultó en un total de 12 tratamientos. Los HMA fueron colectados en los distritos Leymebamba, San Jerónimo y Conila, en la región Amazonas y fueron multiplicados en vivero con cultivos trampa de maíz durante 80 días. Simultáneamente, se llevó a cabo la germinación de semillas de quina por un periodo de 60 días. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas e inoculadas con 40 g de HMA y 40 g de abono orgánico en contenedores de 1 L. El consorcio LEY-GALL produjo la mayor respuesta por planta en la altura (11,53 cm) y materia seca radicular (79,93 mg), el LEY-HUM mayor en número (45) y longitud de raíces (18,68 cm), y en materia seca radicular (75,83 mg), el SJ-HUM mayor en materia seca foliar (317,8 g), y el SJ-GALL mayor en área foliar (85,83 cm2), todos con superioridad estadística sobre el resto, o la mayoría de consorcios. Las plantas con el consorcio SMA-SA (sin micorriza y sin abono) presentaron los menores valores en todas las variables. Se concluye que la combinación de HMA con abonos orgánicos favorece el crecimiento vegetativo de la quina en invernadero.

La quina (Cinchona pubescens) es una especie de importancia medicinal a nivel mundial, debido a su contenido de quinina, alcaloide utilizado en el tratamiento de la malaria; por lo que optimizar un paquete de quina en manejo silvícola y en invernadero con bioestimulantes orgánicos, podría representar una alternativa promisoria para su reproducción masiva. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el comportamiento vegetativo de quina (Cinchona pubescens) con la aplicación de cuatro bioestimulantes orgánicos en invernadero, donde se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con Big-Hor, Incentive, Agrostemin®-GL, biol nutritivo y un control; con tres repeticiones y 16 plantas por unidad experimental. Para el experimento, las plántulas de 1 cm de tamaño fueron obtenidas posgerminación en microtúneles y trasplantadas a un sustrato combinado de tierra agrícola y arena en proporción 2:1 (v/v). La fertilización foliar fue fraccionada en tres partes, para aplicaciones a los 15, 75 y 90 días después del repicado. En el estudio se reportó que Agrostemin®-GL tuvo influencia positiva en el tamaño de la planta (11,11 cm), el diámetro de tallo (3,21 mm), la materia seca foliar (0,43 g) y el área foliar (54,16 cm2); mientras que el biol nutritivo solamente influenció en el tamaño radicular (19,44 cm) y la biomasa seca radicular (0,14 g). Se concluye que el Agrostemin®-GL y el biol nutritivo mostraron una mayor eficiencia en el crecimiento y la ganancia de biomasa total de plantas de C. pubescens, sugiriendo utilizarlos como alternativa ecológica y promisoria para obtener plantones de quina vigorosos en invernadero.