This chapter intends to consider Pseudomonas versatility as regards the beneficial uses of Pseudomonas for production of primary metabolites including enzymes. This chapter will consider the use of Pseudomonas for production of secondary metabolites from various pathways which are equally useful in the industries and in medicine. Pseudomonas pigments and its usefulness in bioelectricity, medicine, etc. will equally be considered in this chapter. The authors are to integrate knowledge in versatility of Pseudomonas for use as agents of microbial production of biosurfactants for environmental cleanup, restoration, and remediation.

Viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) pose a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of deaths and a substantial burden on healthcare systems, among prisoners in particular. Nigeria ranks fifth in Africa for prison population, with 98.2% being males and are more likely than females to have higher rates of viral hepatitis and other risky behaviours. This literature review explores the impact of social determinants of health (SDoH) on the prevalence and outcomes of HBV and HCV infections among male prison inmates in Nigeria, by examining factors such as overcrowding, inadequate healthcare access, and food insecurity. This review reports the updated data on HBV and HCV infection rates among inmates in different regions in Nigeria, with a special focus on related risk factors, highlighting how these determinants contribute to the high rates of hepatitis infections in this category. The review underscores the urgent need for a multifaceted approach involving policy changes, improved healthcare access, and enhanced preventive measures to address these health disparities. The findings aim to inform public health strategies and interventions to reduce the transmission and impact of viral hepatitis in prison settings, aligning with global health goals and promoting health equity among this population group.

Viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of deaths and a substantial burden on healthcare systems. This literature review explores the impact of Socioeconomic Determinants of Health (SDoH) on the prevalence and outcomes of HBV and HCV infections among male prison inmates in Nigeria. By examining factors such as risky behaviors, overcrowding, inadequate healthcare access, and food insecurity, this review highlights how these determinants contribute to the high rates of hepatitis infections in Nigerian prisons. The review underscores the urgent need for a multifaceted approach involving policy changes, improved healthcare access, and enhanced preventive measures to address these health disparities. The findings aim to inform public health strategies and interventions to reduce the transmission and impact of viral hepatitis in prison settings, aligning with global health goals and promoting health equity. Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified viral hepatitis, particularly caused by HBV and HCV, as a major global public health threat. These infections lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the number of deaths rising markedly over recent decades. In Nigerian prisons, where male inmates are disproportionately affected, the prevalence of HBV and HCV is notably high. Socioeconomic determinants such as risky behaviors, overcrowding, inadequate healthcare access, and food insecurity play critical roles in exacerbating these infections. Understanding how these determinants intersect and affect health outcomes in this context is essential for developing targeted interventions and improving public health strategies. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to critically examine the impact of Socioeconomic Determinants of Health (SDoH) on the prevalence and outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among male prison inmates in Nigeria. By exploring the intersectionality of risky behaviors, overcrowding, inadequate healthcare access, and food insecurity, this review seeks to highlight key factors influencing viral hepatitis transmission and propose strategies for mitigating health disparities within Nigerian prisons. Keywords Viral hepatitis; Hepatitis B Virus (HBV); Hepatitis C Virus (HCV); Socioeconomic Determinants of Health (SDoH): Risky behaviors; Overcrowding; Unsanitary conditions; Healthcare access; Food insecurity; Nigerian prisons; Prison health and health disparities