This research improves the strength of plastic using avocado seed starch and PLA. The effect of blending avocado seed starch and PLA was optimized using the RSM approach by using two variables: water absorption and biodegradability. Mixing them using RSM gave the best result: 1.8 g of starch and 3 g of PLA. Degradable plastic has a tensile strength of 10.1 MPa, elongation at a break of 85.8%, and a Young’s modulus of 190 MPa. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the plastic had a -OH bond at 3273.20 cm⁻¹, 3502.73 cm⁻¹, and 3647.39 cm⁻¹, a CH₂ bond at 2953.52 cm⁻¹, 2945.30 cm⁻¹, and 2902.87 cm⁻¹, a C=C bond at 1631.78 cm⁻¹, and a C-O bond at 1741.72 cm⁻¹. The plastic decomposed in the soil. It was organic and hydrophilic. Thermal tests demonstrated that the plastic can withstand heat well, losing weight at 356.86 °C to 413.64 °C, forming crystals and plastic melts at 159.10 °C—the same as PLA. In the melt flow test, the sample melted before measurement, and was therefore not measurable—process conditions affected it. A water absorption of 5.763% and biodegradation rate of 37.988% were found when the samples were decomposed for 12 days. The starch and PLA fused in the morphology analysis to form a smooth surface. The RSM value was close to 1. The RSM gave the best process parameters.

Lotus stems contain cellulose, which can be utilized as a base material for producing green products, specifically degradable plastics. This research investigates the effect of polylactic acid (PLA) blends on cellulose degradable plastics from the lotus stem (Nelumbo nucifera). The mechanical characteristics are as follows: tensile strength of 0.7703–3.3212 MPa, elongation of 0.58–1.16%, Young’s modulus of 78.7894–364.6118 MPa. Compound analysis showed the presence of O-H, C-C, and C=O groups, and the presence of microbial activity in the soil can also lead to the degradation of these groups due to their hydrophilic nature, which allows them to bind water. Thermal analysis within a temperature range of 413.24 °C to 519.80 °C, shows that significant weight loss begins with the formation of crystalline structures. The degradable plastic exhibiting the lowest degree of swelling consists of 1 g of cellulose and 8 g of PLA, resulting in a swelling value of 6.25%. The degradable plastic is anticipated to decompose most rapidly after 52 days, utilizing 2 g of PLA and 7 g of cellulose. This complies with standard requirement, which sets a maximum degradation period of 180 days for polymers.

Geochemical analysis is a critical tool in geothermal exploration, providing valuable insights into reservoir characteristics. However, obtaining accurate and reliable geochemical data requires rigorous validation techniques. This review examines key factors affecting the accuracy of geochemical data and discusses best practices for ensuring quality. Proper sampling methods, including selection of representative locations, use of appropriate equipment, and adherence to robust protocols for sample collection, filtration, preservation, and storage, are essential for maintaining integrity. Analytical techniques must be carefully selected, with regular calibration and standardization of instruments using certified reference materials. Implementing comprehensive quality assurance and quality control procedures, such as analyzing blanks, duplicates, and spike samples, helps monitor precision and accuracy. Data interpretation should consider the complexities of the geological and hydrological settings, integrating multiple lines of evidence. By following established guidelines and continuously updating methods based on emerging technologies and inter-laboratory comparisons, geothermal teams can optimize the reliability of their geochemical data. Accurate and precise geochemical information, when combined with geological, geophysical, and hydrological data, enables informed decision-making and enhances the success of geothermal projects. As geothermal energy gains importance in the transition to sustainable resources, ensuring the accuracy of geochemical analysis will be crucial for effective exploration and development.

Synthetic plastics harm the environment, so finding better materials is important. Researchers have studied PLA and starch to replace non-degradable petrochemicals. This research uses jackfruit seed starch and PLA to make degradable plastics. The tensile strength of degradable plastics was 3.35–9.08 MPa. Tests showed that the plastics were hydrophilic, meaning they bind to water and break down easily. The combination of the jackfruit seed starch with PLA-reinforced plastic had better thermal stability. Starch made the material swell more, while PLA made it swell less. Jackfruit seed starch-based plastics reinforced with PLA degraded in 52–56 days, meeting the ASTM 6400 standard.