Kayan mata" are traditional herbal preparations used as aphrodisiacs by women in northern Nigeria. They are widely are widely consumed despite a lack of regulation, linked to socio-cultural factors and perceived benefits for female sexual enhancement. These preparations could poses potential health risks due to microbial contamination. This study aimed to assess the phytochemical profiles bacteriological quality, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from "kayan mata" sold in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Ten distinct samples were collected from five retail outlets, analyzed using standard methods for qualitative phytochemical screening, aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts AMBC), coliform counts, and isolation/identification of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined via Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion. Phytochemical screening revealed variable profiles, with alkaloids and terpenoids most common. Significant microbial contamination was found: 60% of the samples exceeded WHO limits for AMBC (ranging 3.5107.610 CFU/mL), and 40% had high coliform counts (7.210 CFU/mL). Microbial contamination included 50.0% each of E. coli and Salmonella spp, P. aeruginosa was 30.0%, but S. aureus was absent. High levels of antibiotic resistance were observed, particularly against Augmentin and most fluoroquinolones, with Salmonella isolates showing significant multidrug resistance (MDR). The isolates were most susceptible to Streptomycin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. Samples of "kayan mata" sold in Dutse had high levels of bacterial contamination, with some exhibiting multidrug resistance, which could pose significant public health risks. These findings highlight an urgent need for quality control, public education, and regulation of traditional herbal products.

The global threat of antibiotic resistance in the high-priority pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is intensifying, with research efforts and policy formulation largely driven toward addressing antibiotic misuse. However, it is now becoming increasingly evident that the contribution of biocides to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is another significant factor to consider. The suboptimal use of biocides is also a powerful, independent selective pressure driving the evolution of antibiotic resistance, similar to antimicrobials. This chapter examines the key molecular and genetic pathways underlying this connection, including shared physiological defenses that indirectly confer resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. Furthermore, the chapter presents a comprehensive synthesis of the mechanism of co-selection, where biocide resistance genes are genetically linked to antibiotic resistance genes on mobile elements such as plasmids and integrons, ensuring their co-inheritance and dissemination. A highlight is given on how environmental factors, including sublethal biocide concentrations and biofilm formation, create hot spots for the evolution and horizontal transfer of these resistance determinants, particularly in high-pressure healthcare settings such as intensive care units. Ultimately, this work calls for a paradigm shift in antimicrobial stewardship, urging the integration of biocide regulation and surveillance with current antibiotic-focused strategies to effectively combat the growing threat of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii.