The impact of climate change on precipitation and water availability is of major concern for policy makers in the Mono Basin of West Africa, whose economy mainly depends on rainfed agriculture and hydropower generation. The objective of this study is to project rainfall, flows and evapotranspiration (ET) in the future period and understand their changes across Mono River Basin. Observed data were considered for the historical period 1980–2010, and a Multi-model ensemble for future projections data of eight selected Regional Climate Models under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 over the periods 2011–2100 was used. The GR4J model was used to simulate daily flows of the Mono watershed. The ensemble mean shows a decrease and increase streamflows between −54 % and 42 %, −58 % and 31 %​​​​​​​ under the RCP4.5, RCP8.5 scenario, respectively. The greatest decreases of high flows is projected to occur in the near term under RCP8.5, whereas the greatest decrease of low flows is projected to occur in the long term under the same RCP. For the rainfall and ET, the both scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) predict an increase of ET while the rainfall will decrease. The results of this study of would be very useful in the choice of management and adaptation policies for water resources management.

This study examines the feasibility and optimization of hybrid hydro-solar-wind-hydrogen energy systems in Togo, focusing on seasonal variations and energy management. Data on solar radiation, wind speed, and hydropower were obtained from meteorological stations, satellite databases, and the Nangbéto station. The results of this study show that the energy management system at the Nangbéto dam could rely on hydrogen storage and a 2.75 MW fuel cell to balance seasonal fluctuations, while a ±3 MW battery would stabilize power output. During periods of high hydropower production, surplus energy could be converted into hydrogen to ensure a continuous supply during low-flow months. The flow fluctuates seasonally, ranging from 1.5–20 m³/s in dry months to over 120 m³/s in the wet season, affecting hydrogen production (5–25 kg/day). Electrolysis efficiency remains stable (65–85%) due to optimized management. The hydro-solar-wind hybrid system converts up to 20% of hydropower into hydrogen, with peak production in August (~1,700 kg/month). Selected sites over Togo, particularly Blitta and Alédjo, show potential for hydrogen infrastructure, with Blitta yielding the most hydrogen (532.15 kg annually) and Lomé the least (482.72 kg) due to differences in solar irradiance. The study highlights the role of energy storage, hybrid integration, and policy support to enhance Togo’s hydrogen production and long-term energy stability.

This work focuses on analysis of climate change effects on Photovoltaic (PV) power output in the Eastern and Northeastern of Burundi. Monthly temperature data from meteorological stations and solar irradiance data provided by SoDa database were considered as observed dataset for the historical period 1981-2010. Projection climate data from eight Regional Climate Models of CORDEX for Africa were used over the near future period 2021-2050. The change in temperature and solar irradiance were analyzed and the effects of these climate changes were assessed to show their impacts on PV power potential. The results indicated increasing trends and change in temperature for about 2°C over this near future period. The solar irradiance change was revealed negative with a high interannual variation for all regions and the mean decrease ranges between 2 and 4 W/m². The findings revealed also a negative change in PV power potential close to zero for all regions with a high change occurred in NLL. Indeed, the contribution of each parameter to PV power potential change was negative all over regions. However, the projected climate change does not predict a huge PV power potential change by 2050. Therefore, Burundi may invest in producing electricity energy from PV systems.

This study assesses the wind energy potential across Togo by analyzing historical (2001–2020) and future (2021–2040) wind regimes using MERRA-2 reanalysis data and six bias-corrected CORDEX-Africa regional climate models (MIROC, MPI, ICHEC, NOAA, NCC, and IPSL). A Python-based analytical framework was developed to automate data compilation, visualization, and multi-model statistical processing, ensuring reproducibility and computational efficiency. Model performance was evaluated against ground-based observations using a multi-metric validation approach combining R², NSE, and RMSE. Results identify MERRA-2 (R² = 0.96, NSE = 0.95, RMSE = 0.35) and the RCMs MIROC, MPI, and ICHEC (R²=0.93–0.95, NSE=0.92–0.94, RMSE<0.45) as the most reliable sources for future wind projections. Seasonal and spatial analyses reveal pronounced heterogeneity across the country. During the rainy season, wind speeds in northern Togo reach 3.8–4.3 m/s, while the southern coastal zone maintains stable year-round winds ranging from 3.9 to 4.5 m/s due to the influence of persistent sea breezes. Future projections for 2021–2040 show an increase in wind speeds of 4–8 %, corresponding to wind power density enhancements of 9–30 %. Peak power density values are projected to reach approximately 52 W/m² in the north, 47 W/m² in the center, and 49 W/m² along the coast. Overall, these findings provide a robust scientific basis for region-specific energy strategies, including the development of hybrid wind–solar systems, targeted coastal installations, and optimized siting of northern wind farms. The results further highlight the potential of wind energy to support national electrification efforts and emerging green hydrogen initiatives, contributing to sustainable development and energy security in Togo.

This study assessed the extreme rainfall and temperature changes over Mono river basin by the end of 21st century under the highest greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5. Simulations of eight regional climate models (RCMs) provided by Africa-CORDEX program were considered. The maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall were analyzed. Two groups of indices were analyzed. The first group consists of frequency indices: maximum number of consecutive dry days and wet days. The second group is intensity indices: five-day maximum rainfall and simple daily intensity index. These variables were calculated at annual and seasonal scales. Changes from the baseline period 1971–2000 were computed for far future 2071–2100. As result, almost all the RCMs considered predicted a decrease of the rainfall and increase of maximum and minimum temperatures over most parts of the Mono basin, particularly in the south. Declining mean monthly precipitation and irregular rainy seasons at all scales were exhibited by most of the models. Simple daily intensity and five-day maximum rainfall are projected to decrease by the majority of the used models. As for dry and wet sequences, the RCMs showed an increase of the consecutive dry days and a decrease of wet days.