Mastitis is one of the most frequent and costly production diseases of dairy cattle. It is frequently treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The objectives of this work were to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, find out the antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment, and explore the antimicrobial resistance profile including detection of resistance genes. Bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance genes were confirmed by the polymerase-chain reaction. A total of 450 cows were screened, where 23 (5.11%) and 173 (38.44%) were affected with clinical and sub-clinical mastitis, respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus was 39.13% (n = 9) and 47.97%(n = 83) while, E. coli was 30.43% (n = 7) and 15.60% (n = 27) in clinical and sub-clinical mastitis affected cows, respectively. The highest antimicrobials used for mastitis treatment were ciprofloxacin (83.34%), amoxycillin (80%) and ceftriaxone (76.67%). More than, 70% of S. aureus showed resistance against ampicillin, oxacillin, and tetracycline and more than 60% of E. coli exhibited resistance against oxacillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Selected antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, tetK, tetL, tetM, tetA, tetB, tetC, sul1, sul2 and sul3) were identified from S. aureus and E. coli. Surprisingly, 7 (7.61%) S. aureus carried the mecA gene and were confirmed as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The most prevalent resistance genes were tetK 18 (19.57%) and tetL 13 (14.13%) for S. aureus, whereas sul1 16 (47.06%), tetA 12 (35.29%), sul2 11 (32.35%) and tetB 7 (20.59%) were the most common resistance genes in E. coli. Indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria suggest a potential threat to public health.

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is argued as one of the principal organisms responsible for mammary gland infection in lactating goats, causing both clinical and subclinical mastitis. Being highly zoonotic potential, pathogen emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has a significant clinical impact on treatment and management of clinical mastitis. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of coagulase-positive S. aureus (CoPS), antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp., prevalence of MRSA, and association between different clinical parameters with CoPS. Materials and Methods: A total of 67 clinical mastitic goats were sampled based on clinical examination and California mastitis test. Standard bacteriological methods were performed to isolate and identify Staphylococcus spp. CoPS were confirmed by nuc gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All staphylococcal isolates were further examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method. MRSA was confirmed based on mecA gene-based PCR. Results: Here, 49 (73.13%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 61.41-82.35) samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp., of which 17 (34.69%; 95% CI, 22.88-48.73) isolates were CoPS and rest of the isolates (32; 65.30%; 95% CI, 51.27-77.12) were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (coagulase-negative staphylococci [CNS]). Both, CoPS and CNS isolates displayed the highest resistance against tetracycline (76.47% and 75%, respectively) and oxacillin (70.58% and 68.75%, respectively). Notably, all staphylococcal isolates were multidrug-resistant (showed resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). mecA gene was found in 6 (8.96%; 95% CI, 3.84-18.52) CoPS isolates indicating MRSA strains. Among different clinical parameters, presence of high body temperature (p<0.05), firm udder consistency (p<0.01), bloodstained milk (p<0.00), and pus in milk (p<0.00) were significantly associated with the presence of CoPS in mastitic caprine milk. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MRSA isolated from clinical caprine mastitis cases in Bangladesh. The findings of this study would help in cautious selection as well as administration of antimicrobials for therapeutic management of mastitic goats.

• Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), particularly S. chromogenes are the most predominant organisms associated with bovine sub-clinical mastitis (SCM). • Multidrug resistance isolates were identified in all five Staphylococcus species. The detection of chromosome-mediated mecA gene and the virulence gene within the CoNS could be a potential challenge for the clinical management of SCM. • ‘Use of antimicrobials’ and ‘History of previous clinical mastitis’ were identified as significant risk factors for methicillin-resistant staphylococci in SCM-affected cows.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a coagulase-­positive significant opportunistic pathogen that is associated with a wide variety of clinical diseases, predominantly in pet animals like dogs and c...

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) remains a significant and highly contagious pathogen that markedly impacts production and reproductive performances of different animals worldwide. This review represents the global epidemiology of BVDV, emphasizing its genetic diversity, prevalence, host range, associated risk factors, diagnostic advancements, and control strategies. A systematic electronic search was performed to retrieve relevant published articles. A total of 248 studies published over the past 26 years (from January 2000 to March 2025) across 69 countries were included. Data showed that BVDV‐1 has been detected across all the continents and comprises 25 subgenotypes (1a‐1x and Chinese ZM‐95), of which the predominant subgenotypes are 1a, 1b, and 1c. Multiple subgenotypes, such as BVDV‐1f, 1g, 1h, 1k, 1l, 1r, 1s, 1t, 1u, and 1x, were distinct and circulating in European countries. Additionally, five subgenotypes (2a–2e) of BVDV‐2 have been identified, with BVDV‐2a being the most frequently reported in different geographical locations. Notably, the emergence of HoBi‐like pestivirus subgenotypes (BVDV‐3a–3d) has been detected in Russia, Italy, Thailand, India, and Bangladesh. Overall, the high prevalence of BVDV has been reported in various European (2.9%–87.1%) and Asian countries (0.2%–89.49%). Although cattle are the primary host, BVDV infections have been documented across a wide range of domestic and wild species, including buffalo, sheep, goats, deer, bison, yak, camelids (camels, alpacas, and llamas), pigs, and wild boar. While Ag/Ab‐ELISA remains a widely used diagnostic method, advanced techniques, such as RT‐qPCR, CRISPR‐Cas12a, RT‐LAMP, and genome sequencing, are utilized for confirmatory identification and genotyping of BVDV. Introduction of persistently infected (PI) animals into herds, grazing on common pasture, animal movements, mixed farming practices, and unhygienic breeding practices were frequently documented as potential risk factors. Key measures for controlling and eradicating BVDV include culling of PI animals, prophylactic vaccination, and avoiding mixed farming practices.

Clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous spore‐forming anaerobic pathogen that is frequently associated with enteric disease in chickens. Moreover, enterotoxin‐producing C. perfringens has high zoonotic potential as well as serious public health concerns due to the emanation of food‐borne intoxication. The present study was designed to isolate, identify, and toxinotype C. perfringens from both healthy and cases of necrotic or ulcerative enteritis chickens. A total of 110 samples were collected from July 2019 to February 2021. Among the samples, 38 (34.5%, 95% CI: 26.39–43.83) were positive for C. perfringens and were obtained from broiler 21 (33.3%, 95% CI: 22.91–45.67), Sonali 9 (34.6%, 95% CI: 19.31–53.88), and layer 8 (38%, 95% CI: 20.68–59.20). C. perfringens was highly prevalent (35.7%, 95% CI: 25.48–47.44) in enteritis chickens compared with healthy ones. In multiplex PCR toxinotyping, 34 (89.4%) isolates were identified as C. perfringens type A by the presence of the alpha toxin gene (cpa). Moreover, in addition to the cpa gene, 3 (14.3%, 95% CI: 4.14–35.48) broiler and 1 (11.1%, 95% CI: 0.01–45.67) Sonali isolates harbored the enterotoxin gene (cpe) and were classified as type F. However, none of the isolates carried genes encoding beta (cpb), epsilon (etx), iota (iap), or beta‐2 (cpb2) toxins. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the following variables such as; “previously used litter materials” (OR 21.77, 95% CI 2.22–212.66, p ≤ 0.008); intestinal lesions, “presence of ulceration” (OR 30.01, 95% CI 3.02–297.91, p ≤ 0.004); “ballooned with gas” (OR 24.74, 95% CI 4.34–140.86, p ≤ 0.001) and “use of probiotics” (OR 5.24, 95% CI 0.74–36.75, p ≤ 0.095) act as risk factors for C. perfringens colonization in chicken gut. This is the first study of molecular toxinotyping of C. perfringens from healthy and enteric‐diseased chickens in Bangladesh, which might have a potential food‐borne zoonotic impact on human health.