Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism essential for maintaining internal stability, plays a crucial function in female reproductive ability. In this review, we discuss the complex interplay between autophagy and several facets of female reproductive health, encompassing pregnancy, ovarian functions, gynecologic malignancies, endometriosis, and infertility. Existing research emphasizes the crucial significance of autophagy in embryo implantation, specifically in the endometrium, highlighting its necessity in ensuring proper fetal development. Although some knowledge has been gained, there is still a lack of research on the specific molecular impacts of autophagy on the quality of oocytes, the growth of follicles, and general reproductive health. Autophagy plays a role in the maturation, quality, and development of oocytes. It is also involved in reproductive aging, contributing to reductions in reproductive function that occur with age. This review explores the physiological functions of autophagy in the female reproductive system, its participation in reproductive toxicity, and its important connections with the endometrium and embryo. In addition, this study investigates the possibility of emerging treatment approaches that aim to modify autophagy, using both natural substances and synthetic molecules, to improve female fertility and reproductive outcomes. Additionally, this review intends to inspire future exploration into the intricate role of autophagy in female reproductive health by reviewing recent studies and pinpointing areas where current knowledge is lacking. Subsequent investigations should prioritize the conversion of these discoveries into practical uses in the medical field, which could potentially result in groundbreaking therapies for infertility and other difficulties related to reproduction. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the many effects of autophagy on female fertility would not only further the field of reproductive biology but also open new possibilities for diagnostic and treatment methods.

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, necessitating new treatment strategies. Bioactive natural products are a promising source of anticancer drugs because of their complex structures and ability to target multiple pathways, such as inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. However, issues like poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability have limited their clinical use. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery offers a revolutionary approach by improving the pharmacokinetics and targeted delivery of anticancer agents, including natural compounds. Different types of nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles, use the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to increase drug accumulation in tumors while reducing off-target toxicity. This study explores the potential of combining natural products with nanoparticle delivery systems to overcome drug resistance and enhance therapeutic effectiveness. It highlights significant achievements, including FDA-approved nanoparticle-based drugs and innovative combination therapies. The review also discusses current limitations, such as toxicity, scalability, and regulatory hurdles, while looking ahead to emerging themes like smart nanoparticles and personalized medicine. Ultimately, this review emphasizes the importance of integrating bioactive natural products with nanotechnology, presents future research directions, and advocates for translational studies and clinical trials to advance cancer treatment.