Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that progresses with demyelination and neurodegeneration. To date, many studies have revealed the key role of interleukins in the pathogenesis of MS, but their impact has not been fully explained. The aim of the present study was to collect and review the results obtained so far regarding the influence of interleukins on the development and course of MS and to assess the potential for their further use. Through the platform “PubMed”, terms related to interleukins and MS were searched. The following interval was set as the time criterion: 2014–2024. A total of 12,731 articles were found, and 100 papers were subsequently used. Cells that produce IL-10 have a neuroprotective effect, whereas those that synthesize IL-6 most likely exacerbate neuroinflammation. IL-12, IL-23 and IL-18 represent pro-inflammatory cytokines. It was found that treatment with an anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody in a study group of MS patients showed a beneficial effect. IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a significant role in type 2 immune responses and inhibits MS progression. IL-13 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine through which the processes of oligodendrogenesis and remyelination occur more efficiently. The group of interleukins discussed in our paper may represent a promising starting point for further research aimed at finding new therapies and prognostic markers for MS.