Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in the cryopreservation of various tissues and cells, yet several challenges persist. This review evaluates the current state of cryopreservation, focusing on contemporary methods, notable achievements, and ongoing difficulties. Techniques such as slow freezing and vitrification have enabled the successful preservation of diverse biological materials, including embryos and ovarian tissue, marking substantial progress in reproductive medicine and regenerative therapies. These achievements highlight improved post-thaw survival and functionality of cryopreserved samples. However, there are remaining challenges such as ice crystal formation, which can lead to cell damage, and the cryopreservation of larger, more complex tissues and organs. This review also explores the role of cryoprotectants and the importance of optimizing both cooling and warming rates to enhance preservation outcomes. Future research priorities include developing new cryoprotective agents, elucidating the mechanisms of cryoinjury, and refining protocols for preserving complex tissues and organs. This comprehensive overview underscores the transformative potential of cryopreservation in biomedicine, while emphasizing the necessity for ongoing innovation to address existing challenges.

Medical article медицинская статья

The mechanical parameters of the human veins are often measured in different test conditions. There are no studies on the influence of different test conditions on these parameters to date. This complicates the comparison between experimental data in different studies and creates the need to establish a universal test method for mechanical parameters acquisition. The influence of the test conditions of the test results was studied by comparison between mechanical parameters of veins using uniaxial tension in air at a room temperature and in the sodium chloride solution at 37 °C. Due to the substantial nonlinearity of the stress-strain data and the lack of suitable constitutive equation the proposed parameters for comparison were maximum stress, maximum strain and Young's moduli at small and large strains. The results differed significantly for Young's modulus at small strains and for maximum strains in different test conditions. This conclusion indicates the necessity of conducting the mechanical tests in conditions closest to in vivo including the presence of liquid medium and corresponding temperature.