The exact factors predicting outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain elusive. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined factors influencing outcomes in adult patients with TBI, from 3 months to 1 year after injury. A search of four electronic databases—PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect—yielded 29 studies for review and 16 for meta-analysis, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. In patients with TBI of any severity, mean differences were observed in age (8.72 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.77–12.66 years), lymphocyte count (−0.15 109/L; 95% CI, −0.18 to −0.11), glucose levels (1.20 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.73–1.68), and haemoglobin levels (−0.91 g/dL; 95% CI, −1.49 to −0.33) between those with favourable and unfavourable outcomes. The prevalence rates of unfavourable outcomes were as follows: abnormal cisterns, 65.7%; intracranial pressure above 20 mmHg, 52.9%; midline shift of 5 mm or more, 63%; hypotension, 71%; hypoxia, 86.8%; blood transfusion, 70.3%; and mechanical ventilation, 90%. Several predictors were strongly associated with outcome. Specifically, age, lymphocyte count, glucose level, haemoglobin level, severity of TBI, pupillary reaction, and type of injury were identified as potential predictors of long-term outcomes.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess medication adherence among Moroccan patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: To achieve this objective, a quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with type 2 diabetes in Morocco. The General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) was used to measure medication adherence in this target population. The study received ethical approval from the Moroccan Association for Research and Ethics. Results: A total of 284 patients were included in the study. Among them, 90.30% of type 2 diabetes patients demonstrated high adherence to their medication treatment, while 5.30% were considered to have moderate adherence and only 4.40% showed partial adherence. However, when the cumulative evaluation of medication adherence towards antidiabetic drugs was conducted, the results confirmed an adherence rate of approximately 95.78%. Conclusions: The study's findings revealed a high level of medication adherence among type 2 diabetes patients. To sustain these encouraging results, it will be crucial to maintain and value the efforts made by healthcare professionals involved in the care of these patients.

Background: Health literacy is an established determinant of health and a key tool in the development of public health interventions. It plays an important role in improving the health and equity of individuals and populations. The Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) is a widely used multidimensional instrument designed to assess various domains of health literacy across diverse populations. However, no culturally and linguistically adapted version of the HLQ is currently available for the Moroccan context, where Moroccan Arabic (Darija) is the primary language of everyday communication, including interactions with healthcare professionals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to carry out the socio-cultural and linguistic adaptation of the HLQ into Darija. Methods: The HLQ was culturally and linguistically adapted for Morocco through a collaborative process with the HLQ developers, community members, healthcare professionals, and the project team from the Higher Institute of Health Sciences (ISSS). Forward and backward translation and cognitive interviews with 28 primary healthcare users recruited from two Moroccan provinces (Kenitra and Settat) maximized that each item reflected its intended meaning. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to refine the adapted version for the Moroccan context. Results: The 28 participants (71.4% women) were aged 18 to 70, with diverse educational backgrounds and resided in both urban and rural areas. Of the 44 translated items, 19 (43%) required further linguistic or cultural adaptation for Darija speakers (Moroccan Arabic dialect). Participants generally understood and responded to the items per each item’s intent, but qualitative analysis highlighted important nuances. A marked dependence on medical authority appeared to limit participants’ ability to manage their own health and was associated with persistent difficulties navigating the healthcare system and critically appraising health information. In contrast, items related to social support were more readily understood, highlighting the central role of family networks. Collectively, these findings underscore the interplay between cultural norms and structural barriers in shaping perceptions of health literacy in Morocco. Conclusion: The cognitive and cultural adaptation of the HLQ into Moroccan Darija supported the relevance of the nine scales and provided insight into locally grounded conceptions of health. This process highlights the importance of a participatory and context-sensitive approach to achieving conceptual fidelity and cultural appropriateness. However, it should be emphasized that this study represents an initial yet essential step in the overall validation process. While the adapted Darija version of the HLQ cannot yet be considered a fully validated instrument for use in the general population, it provides a robust foundation for subsequent psychometric evaluation. Further research is required to evaluate its psychometric properties, including internal structure and reliability, to determine its suitability for assessing health literacy in the Moroccan context. Plain English Summary: This study is important because health literacy development is critical to helping individuals and populations access and use health information and services to manage their health. The first step in measuring health literacy is to adapt tools to local languages and cultures. The study focuses on adapting the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) to the Darija language (Moroccan Arabic dialect) so that the health literacy needs of people in primary healthcare settings in Morocco can be assessed. The methods used in the study helped ensure that the Darija HLQ is relevant and understandable in the Moroccan context. The study found that the Darija HLQ was well understood by most users, though some with lower education levels found certain questions unclear. This means that the tool is adequate for use in Morocco, but further refinement may be needed for certain groups. The questionnaire was translated and adapted through a collaborative translation process to maximize its cultural and linguistic appropriateness for Moroccan users.

ObjectivesIndividuals after traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly experience a variety of symptoms that impact their daily life functioning. This study aims to evaluate the applicability, validity, and reliability of the health-related Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) questionnaire in the Moroccan context.MethodsThis multicentric cross-sectional study included 203 individuals after TBI in medical centers from three different cities at a mean of 4.92 (+/- 6.02) months post-injury. Demographic and clinical factors, and health-related quality-of-life outcomes were assessed. The QOLIBRI psychometric properties were assessed using classical (reliability and validity) and modern (Rating Scale Model; RSM) test theory frameworks.ResultsThe Moroccan version of the QOLIBRI questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory to excellent internal consistency (0.81-0.90) and test-retest reliability (0.86-0.91). The RSM demonstrated acceptable infit (0.623-1.676) and outfit indices (0.627-1.533), supporting the one-dimensionality of the subscales. The models had values indicating a good fit, with a slightly better fit in the six-factor model (chi 2(614) = 1094, RMSEA = 0.062 [CI: 0.056-0.068], SRMR = 0.074, and CFI = 0.989).ConclusionsThe Moroccan version of the QOLIBRI was found to be valuable, meaningful, and met psychometric criteria when administered to individuals after TBI.Implications for rehabilitationThe successful cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) questionnaire, a disease-specific instrument, provides a valuable tool for assessing health-related quality of life in Moroccan patients with traumatic brain injury.QOLIBRI instrument can help identify specific areas of impairment and guide the development of individualized rehabilitation plans.Rehabilitation professionals should consider incorporating the QOLIBRI questionnaire into their clinical practice to assess the health-related quality of life of individuals with traumatic brain injury.Rehabilitation professionals should be aware of the age and sex-specific differences in traumatic brain injury presentation and recovery.