The impact of climate change on methane (CH₄) emissions from rice production systems in the Coimbatore region (Tamil Nadu, India) was studied by leveraging field experiments across two main treatments and four sub-treatments in a split-plot design. Utilizing the closed-chamber method for gas collection and gas chromatography analysis, this study identified significant differences in CH₄ emissions between conventional cultivation methods and the system of rice intensification (henceforth SRI). Over two growing seasons, conventional cultivation methods reported higher CH₄ emissions (range: from 36.9 to 59.3 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ season⁻¹) compared with SRI (range: from 2.2 to 12.8 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ season⁻¹). Experimental data were subsequently used to guide parametrization and validation of the DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model. The validation of the model showed good agreement between the measured and modeled data, as denoted by the statistical tests performed, which included CRM (0.09), D-index (0.99), RMSE (7.16), EF (0.96), and R² (0.92). The validated model was then used to develop future CH₄ emissions projections under various shared socio-economic pathways (henceforth SSPs) for the mid- (2021–2050) and late (2051–2080) century. The analysis revealed a potential increase in CH₄ emissions for the simulated scenarios, which was dependent on specific soil and irrigation management practices. Conventional cultivation produced the highest CH₄ emissions, but it was shown that they could be reduced if the current practice was replaced by minimal flooding or through irrigation with alternating wetting and drying cycles. Emissions were predicted to rise until SSP 370, with a marginal increase in SSP 585 thereafter. The findings of this work underscored an urgency to develop climate-smart location-specific mitigation strategies focused on simultaneously improving current water and nutrient management practices. The use of methanotrophs to reduce CH₄ production from rice systems should be considered in future work. This research also highlighted the critical interaction that exists between agricultural practices and climate change, and emphasized the need to implement adaptive crop management strategies that can sustain productivity and mitigate the environmental impacts of rice-based systems in southern India.

Oilseeds are vital to global agriculture, providing essential edible oils, high-protein livestock feed and raw materials for bio-based industries. Climate change poses a threat to the productivity, quality and sustainability of oilseed crops. This review critically examines the impacts of major climate stressors, including rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels, increased ozone and the heightened frequency of extreme weather events on the growth, yield and oil quality of key oilseed crops such as soybean, groundnut, rapeseed-mustard, sunflower, safflower and sesame. It explores the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying crop responses to climate-induced stress, focusing on reductions in oil content and shifts in fatty acid composition. Climate-related stressors can lead to yield declines ranging from 10 % to 40 %, with heat stress during flowering and seed filling causing up to a 70 % reduction in seed set in sensitive varieties. The review also evaluates adaptive strategies, including the development of climate-resilient cultivars through advanced breeding and biotechnology, the implementation of conservation agriculture and integrated nutrient management and the role of digital tools in monitoring and mitigating stress impacts. Emphasizing the urgent need for integrated research, policy support and sustainable farming practices, this review aims to guide future efforts in enhancing the resilience of oilseed crops.

The escalating crisis of freshwater scarcity and the environmental pollution caused by rice straw burning necessitate a transition toward climate-resilient cultivation. This study investigated the interactive effects of irrigation and in-situ straw decomposition on the physiological performance of rice in Tamil Nadu, India. Using a strip-plot design, we evaluated three irrigation regimes and six organic mitigation strategies. Results revealed that incorporating rice straw with dual microbial consortia (Pusa Decomposer and TNAU Biomineralizer) acted as a vital physiological buffer against moisture stress. This treatment (S4) recorded a peak photosynthetic rate of 31.4 μmol CO2 m2 s-1 and optimal stomatal conductance (0.727 mmol H2O m2 s-1), significantly outperforming plots without organic amendments. Notably, alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) at 10 cm depletion paired with microbial-mediated straw recycling maintained higher chlorophyll retention and gas exchange efficiency than traditional continuous flooding. These results show that 15-30% water savings can be achieved without the usual yield penalty by combining precision irrigation with microbial straw management. In tropical rice ecosystems, this method provides a scalable, beneficial system for water-smart agriculture and sustainable residue recycling.

A pot culture study was conducted at Horticultural Research Station, Ooty, to assess the effect of ground-level ozone on physiology in garlic plants and find out suitable remedial measures against ground-level ozone. The potting soil was acidic with very low salt concentration, very high in organic carbon, medium in nitrogen, phosphorus and high in potassium. Elevated ozone levels (150ppb and 200ppb) had significantly reduced the garlic plant chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, pungency and total soluble solids. The highest chlorophyll content (33.97µmolm^-2) was observed under ambient ozone level(T₁), and lowest chlorophyll content (12.68µmolm^-2) was observed in elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb(T₃), highest stomatal conductance (0.45mmol m^-2s^-1) was recorded in Ambient Ozone level+foliar spray 3%Panchagavya(T₄), and lowest stomatal conductance (0.11mmolm^-2s^-1) was observed in elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb(T₃).Since the elevated ozone had a significant reduction in photosynthetic rate in garlic, lowest was observed (0.82µmolCO₂ s^-1m^-2) in T₃-Elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb and the highest photosynthetic rate (3.02µmolCO₂ s^-1m^-2) was observed in treatment T₄-Ambient Ozone level+foliar spray 3%Panchagavya after a week. When coming to quality of garlic bulbs, highest pungency content was found in Ambient Ozone level+foliar spray 0.1%Ascorbic acid and lowest was observed in Elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb(T₃) furthermore, in observing garlic quality where total soluble solids (TSS) showed that the treatment Ambient Ozone level+foliar spray 3%Panchagavya (40.00°Brix) as highest and treatment Elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb(T₃) recorded the lowest. Thus, tropospheric ozone has detrimental impact on physiological responses, which will reduce crop growth and yield. The ozone protectants helped in scavenging the O₃ from apoplast of the crops. Among the ozone protectants, neem oil acted as a good ozone scavenger followed by ascorbic acid and panchagavya to improve the physiological response of garlic plants under elevated tropospheric ozone levels.