Carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) composites have an excellent performance, attributed to properties such as light quality, high strength, and vibration reduction, and they are widely used in fields such as aerospace and transportation. Four kinds of carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (CF/PA6) composite pellets with carbon fiber contents of 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt.% were prepared using twin screw extrusion. The results were characterized using a simultaneous thermal analyzer, capillary rheometer, electronic universal material testing machine, and scanning electron microscope (SEM); their crystallization, rheological behavior, mechanical properties, surface structure, etc., were studied. DSC results indicate that an increase in carbon fiber content enhances the thermal stability of CF/PA6 and narrows the crystallization window but has a minor effect on the molecular chain diffusion time. The crystallinity reaches its maximum at a carbon fiber content of 40 wt.%, reaching 55.16%. The steady-state rheological behavior reveals that CF/PA6 behaves as a pseudoplastic fluid, exhibiting shear-thinning behavior. When the carbon fiber content is 40 wt.%, the power law exponent (n) reaches its maximum, and the consistency coefficient (K) decreases by 300 $\mathrm{Pa}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{n}}$ compared to the 30 wt.% content. With increasing temperature, n increases while K decreases. SEM observations reveal that samples with carbon fiber contents of 20 wt.% and 40 wt.% exhibit better fiber dispersion and orientation. However, the interfacial bonding strength is superior in the 40 wt.% sample. When the carbon fiber content reaches 50 wt.%, significant injection molding defects occur at the clamping end, leading to extensive matrix tearing during tension testing.