Despite the benefits of exercise on mental and physical health, excessive training loads can lead to health problems in the long term, including a wide spectrum of menstrual dysfunction (MD). This narrative review aims to analyze the relationship between physical exercise and MD in adolescent female athletes to support regular menstrual health monitoring and promote educational programs on reproductive risks. When dealing with MD in young athletes, several factors entangled with maturation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis should be considered. Firstly, some disciplines seem to have a higher prevalence of MD due to the high loads of training regimes and the early introduction of athletes to a competitive career. Moreover, low energy intake and a low body mass index appear to exacerbate existing MD. Lastly, disordered eating behaviors and psychological stress can contribute to MD in female athletes. The type of sport, influencing the intensity and duration of exercise, as well as individual psycho-physiological and environmental factors, may influence the role of physical activity in the manifestation of MD. Early recognition and management of MD, along with collaboration between sports organizations and health professionals, are crucial to minimize risks, ensure proper nutrition, and balance training with recovery. Keeping an open discussion on the topic may prospectively improve awareness, early diagnosis, and treatment strategies, as well as reduce injury risk and enhance sports performance.

Low adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors during pregnancy and lactation is strongly associated with a higher risk of childhood obesity. This narrative review aims to elucidate and summarize the pivotal role played by physical activity (PA) during pregnancy and breastfeeding, highlighting the potential mechanisms linking PA in these periods to the prevention of childhood obesity. Maternal exercise during pregnancy and breastfeeding significantly reduces the risk of childhood obesity by enhancing fetal metabolism, supporting healthy maternal weight management, and promoting improved breastfeeding practices. Pregnancy and the postpartum period represent critical windows for implementing preventive strategies that benefit both the mother and child. Encouraging an active lifestyle during pregnancy and breastfeeding is a vital public health strategy with extensive benefits. Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in creating supportive environments and providing tailored guidance to empower mothers to engage in regular PA. This approach not only enhances individual health outcomes but also contributes to the broader goal of fostering healthier communities.

Background/Objectives: Hip and knee arthroplasty relieves pain, restores mobility, and improves function in severe joint damage, though pain and strength loss may persist post-surgery. Better pre-surgery function and activity predict improved arthroplasty outcomes. Prehabilitation programs enhance functional abilities, reducing hospitalization duration, and lowering peri-surgery complication risks. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of four weeks of different modalities of tele-home-prehabilitation programs on perceived pain and functional capacity in patients who are eligible for hip or knee arthroplasty. Methods: Forty-four patients (aged 65–80 years) eligible for elective lower limb arthroplasty were enrolled in the present randomized controlled trial study. Participants were randomly assigned to the Electrostimulation Group (EG) or the Home-Based Exercise Group (HG). The EG performed underwent teleprehabilitation program using indirect neuromuscular electrostimulation therapy, while the HG performed home-based exercise supervised by a sports specialist. Functional capacity was assessed with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the 30 s Chair Stand test (30CST) and the Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT). Quality of life was assessed with the Oxford Hip Score (OHS) or Oxford Knee Score (OKS), depending on the participants’ surgery. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire was completed by the EG after the intervention. Results: No significant differences were found among groups in the 30CST and TUG tests. The analyses revealed significant differences for the Oxford Questionnaires and 6MWT. Conclusions: Our study highlights the potential of teleprehabilitation using indirect neuromuscular electrostimulation to improve walking autonomy and quality of life of individuals who are candidates for lower limb arthroplasty.

Obesity rates have surpassed underweight globally, increasing the burden of cardiometabolic complications on healthcare systems. Hypoxic training has emerged as a potential intervention to improve cardiometabolic health in adults with obesity, but evidence remains inconclusive. This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated whether hypoxic training is more effective than normoxic training in this context. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (up to June 2025) identified randomised controlled trials comparing hypoxic and normoxic training in adults with overweight or obesity. Outcomes included glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and blood pressure. Subgroup, moderation, and sensitivity analyses were also conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity and assess the robustness of findings. Of 1815 studies screened, 9 (278 participants) met the criteria. Meta‐analysis results demonstrated no significant differences between hypoxic and normoxic training for fasting glucose ( p = 0.118) or fasting insulin ( p = 0.415), with substantial heterogeneity observed across studies ( I ² = 60%–77%). Similarly, lipid profile markers and blood pressure showed no significant between‐group differences (all p > 0.05), also with moderate to high heterogeneity. Subgroup and moderation analyses partially explained this variability, suggesting greater fasting glucose reductions with shorter and lower‐intensity hypoxic interventions. Hypoxic training did not outperform normoxic training in improving cardiometabolic outcomes. However, the considerable variability in intervention duration, hypoxic dose, and exercise intensity across studies limits the certainty of these findings. Well‐designed, adequately powered trials are needed to determine whether specific hypoxic training protocols or participant characteristics may modulate efficacy in adults with overweight or obesity.

Background: Childhood obesity is a global public health concern since an excess in body weight causes postural control problems and consequently leads to reduced motor control and impaired movement patterns with an increased risk of falls and injuries interfering with children’s daily life activities. The use of posturographic analysis together with adiposity level investigation could improve the assessment of postural impairments leading to tailored and more effective therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare the different strategies used to maintain postural control between normal-weight children and children with obesity. Methods: A total of 33 Caucasian children (14 with obesity) were recruited. Anthropometric indexes were computed from the anthropometric measurements. Participants stood in an upright standing position, barefoot on the stabilometric platform, and performed two 30 s trials (eyes open – EO, and eyes closed – EC). Results: Results revealed a difference in postural control only in the minimum sway parameter under both EO and EC conditions. The BMI z-score and TMI indexes were positively associated with the sway length, delta X , and minimum sway parameters in EO conditions, while fewer and weaker associations were found in the EC condition. Conclusion: Our study did not highlight postural control impairments in prepubertal children with obesity when compared to their normal-weight peers. Despite some significant positive associations with postural control parameters, both the BMI z-score and the TMI indexes do not clearly predict postural control impairments in prepubertal children.