Background: Successful rehabilitation is associated with physical, psychological, environmental, social, and personal factors based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. The influence of age has been suggested as crucial personal factors that may affect rehabilitation needs in post-stroke survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate the qualifiers of the ICF core set for stroke to detect differences in rehabilitation needs and goals between older (O, >65 years old) and younger (Y, ≤65 years old,) post-stroke individuals. Materials and methods: In this observational study, the comprehensive core set for stroke was filled during the rehabilitation period. Patient information was obtained using disability scales and translated into certain ICF categories using linking rules. Frequency, similarity, and linear regression analyses were performed for ICF qualifier profiles among Y and O patients. Results: Forty-eight ICF variables were significantly different between Y (n = 35, 46.17 ± 11.27 years old) and O (n = 35, 76.43 ± 6.77 years old) patients. Frequency analysis showed that activity of daily living and basic needs were more prevalent in O patients, whereas regaining of social role and social life were more prevalent in Y patients. The average Jaccard Index result (similarity analysis) was more homogeneous in O than in Y patients. Conclusions: ICF qualifiers are useful to design patient-centered care. Y patients have more heterogeneous needs and require more personalized program than O patients.

The study aims to assess household energy poverty in European Union (EU) countries, comparing them based on the Objective Energy Poverty Index and the Subjective Energy Poverty Index. The Objective Energy Poverty Index is derived from indicators such as energy expenditure share, risk-of-poverty rate, and electricity prices. The Subjective Energy Poverty Index includes indicators such as the inability to keep the home adequately warm, arrears on utility bills, and bad housing conditions. Both indices aggregate the indicators mentioned above using equal and non-equal weighting approaches. The analysis uses country-level data from 2019 to 2023 sourced from Eurostat. The findings indicate considerable variation in household energy poverty across the EU, with more pronounced inequalities in subjective indicators than objective ones. Additionally, the study reveals a weak correlation between the Objective Energy Poverty Index and the Subjective Energy Poverty Index, leading to differing country rankings based on these indices. However, the choice of weights in constructing the energy poverty indices does not significantly impact a country’s energy poverty ranking. The paper also identifies countries where household energy poverty decreased in 2023 compared to 2019 and those where it increased. Regarding the Subjective Energy Poverty Index, Croatia and Hungary showed the most notable improvement in their rankings among European countries, while France, Germany, and Spain deteriorated their positions. According to the Objective Energy Poverty Index, Bulgaria, Croatia, Portugal, and Spain demonstrated the most significant improvement, whereas Greece experienced a considerable decline.

This paper examines the moral factors that motivate altruistic behavior on the part of Polish students toward Ukrainian war refugees within the context of economic theories on altruism. An online survey is used to itemise the students’ altruistic activities, explore what they see as their moral...

Two different forms of time dilation, namely, the kinematical time dilation of special relativity and gravitational red shift are coupled during observations of systems moving through a gravitational field. In the particular situation of free fall in a Schwarzschild geometry these two effects are decoupled and in consequence the time dilation, as observed by a distant observer, factorises. Such a factorization is not a universal feature. We define here a necessary and sufficient criterion for time dilation and gravitational red-shift decoupling. This property is manifested in a particular form of the Doppler shift in Schwarzschild geometry.

The Thurstone method is a method of aggregation of preferences that leads to ordering objects at an interval scale, in contrast to other methods of aggregation, the application of which results in obtaining the ordinal scale only. However, we demonstrate that the interval scale obtained by means of the Thurstone method is not fully reliable, as it is strongly susceptible to the problem of irrelevant alternatives, i.e., the order of two objects might be dependent on whether there is or not a third, completely independent object in the studied collectivity. The other issue examined in the paper is the formula that is to be minimised in the Thurstone method. Thurstone proposed a formula easy to be minimised with tabularised values of normal distribution. However, today’s calculation powers of computers make it possible to minimise another formula, which allows a better fit of observed frequencies to the predicted ones, and makes it possible to avoid the problem with empirical frequencies close to 1. The aim of the paper is to propose two improvements to the Thurstone method. The first one involves the application of the rule of thumb to the minimal spacing (in terms of standard deviations), below which the ordering of objects cannot be regarded as reliable, and the use of the method of empirical examining of the stability of order. The second of the proposed improvements consists in minimising a formula other than the original one, especially in the cases where empirical frequencies reach very high values.