After years of pesticide application, often indiscriminately, damage has been caused to the environment, as well as to agronomic crops grown in contaminated areas. In water treatment, techniques based on physical and/or physicochemical processes are used, being formed secondary oxidizing agents responsible for the mineralization of contaminants present in the herbicides, thus causing the degradation process. However, few studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these techniques in soils. The aim of this study was to review the existing studies, presenting the main techniques used for remediation of soils contaminated with pesticides. Emphasis was placed on electrokinetics, advanced oxidative processes, soil washing, chemical or solvent extraction, and combinations of these methods. According to the results of several studies, the combination of techniques, such as electrokinetics and soil washing processes, allows achieving a high efficiency when it is applied for the degradation of agricultural contaminants. The combination of electrolysis with other methods, such as the Fenton’s reagent, ultrasound irradiation, and UV light, also present satisfactory results in removing pesticides in soil treatment. However, Fenton technology used alone is the most promising of the assessed techniques since it can be used for the remediation of several contaminants, especially pesticides, not harming the environment and allowing soil recovery.

The study of weed interference periods and the economic threshold level (ETL) of weeds on crops allows the adoption of management methods and the rationalized use of herbicides. The objective of this study was to determine the periods of interference and to test mathematical models to determine the economic threshold level of ryegrass in the wheat crop. Two experiments were carried out in a randomized block design with four replications. The first experiment was conducted in the 2014/2015 agricultural season. The periods of interference and control of ryegrass were studied in wheat. The periods of interference and/or control were: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 120 days after emergence (DAE). The second experiment was conducted in the 2016/2017 agricultural season. The ETLs were studied, being the treatments composed of wheat cultivars and 12 populations of ryegrass, in competition with the respective cultivars. The results allowed concluding that the management methods of weed ryegrass must be adopted in the period between 11 and 21 days after crop emergence, which is described as a critical period of control of this weed. The wheat grain yield loss competing with ryegrass reached 59% when grown with ryegrass. For ETL, the linear regression model of the rectangular hyperbola adequately estimates grain yield losses in the presence of ryegrass. The cultivar presenting the lowest values of ETL, that is, less capacity to live with the weed, was TBIO Alvorada. The other cultivars presented similar ETL values.

The objective of this study was to evaluate glyphosate translocation in glyphosate-tolerant weed species (I. nil, T. procumbens and S. latifolia) compared to glyphosate-susceptible species (B. pilosa). The evaluations of 14C-glyphosate absorption and translocation were performed at 6, 12, 36 and 72 hours after treatment (HAT) in I. nil and B. pilosa, and only at 72 HAT in the species T. procumbens and S. latifolia. The plants were collected and fractionated into application leaf, other leaves, stems, and roots. In S. latifolia, approximately 88% of the glyphosate remained in the application leaf and a small amount was translocated to roots at 72 HAT. However, 75% of the herbicide applied on T. procumbens remained in the leaf that had received the treatment, with greater glyphosate translocation to the floral bud. It was concluded that the smaller amount of glyphosate observed in S. latifolia and T. procumbens may partly account for their higher tolerance to glyphosate. However, I. nil tolerance to glyphosate may be associated with other factors such as metabolization, root exudation or compartmentalization, because a large amount of the herbicide reached the roots of this species.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a atividade residual da mistura comercial (imazethapyr+imazapic) sobre azevém semeado em sucessão em áreas antes cultivadas com arroz Clearfield® (CL) por um, dois ou três anos consecutivos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em campo, no município de Capão do Leão, RS. O arroz cv. IRGA 422 CL foi considerado cultura principal, e o azevém, variedade indefinida, cultura sucessora. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial, em que o fator A, dentro da mesma safra, comparou resíduos de (imazethapyr+imazapic) em um, dois e três anos de cultivo de arroz CL, e o fator B avaliou o efeito de dose sobre a atividade residual do herbicida. Os blocos foram constituídos por quatro unidades experimentais, que haviam recebido a mistura (imazethapyr+imazapic) nas doses de 0; 25+75; 37,5+112,5; e 50+150 g ha-1, acrescidos de Dash a 0,5% v/v. A análise conjunta dos dados, gerados nos três ambientes (A1, A2 e A3), acusou interação entre dose herbicida (imazethapyr+imazapic) e ambientes para as variáveis-resposta estatura de plantas e rendimento biológico. Para as variáveis peso de grãos e poder germinativo, as diferenças ocorreram somente entre as doses do herbicida. Os resultados demonstram que todas as variáveis-resposta avaliadas foram alteradas negativamente pela presença de resíduos da mistura (imazethapyr+imazapic) no solo, sendo maiores as injúrias com o incremento da dose. Foi observado que o cultivo de arroz irrigado no sistema CL deixa resíduos dos herbicidas (imazethapyr+imazapic) no solo, capazes de causar danos ao azevém cultivado em sucessão. Além disso, o sistema de sucessão envolvendo o arroz CL e azevém requer intervalos superiores a 180 dias entre a aplicação inicial do herbicida na primeira cultura e a semeadura do cultivo sucessor.