Background: This study seeks to compare the effectiveness of Semaglutide compared to Liraglutide, Dulaglutide, or Tirzepatide. Additionally, it aims to investigate the implications of transitioning from Dulaglutide or Liraglutide to Semaglutide.Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (ClinicalTrials.gov for unpublished records) from their inception to 5 February 2025, including observational cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Analyses were conducted using Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.4.1 and STATA 17.Results: The meta-analysis comprised 16 studies and 5,997 patients. Semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels compared to Liraglutide (0.56; 95% CI: 0.19–0.94; p < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed between Semaglutide and Liraglutide in terms of fasting blood sugar (FBS), body mass index (BMI), and weight change. In comparison to Dulaglutide, Semaglutide displayed superior efficacy in reducing HbA1c levels (3.72; 95% CI: 0.02–7.41; p = 0.05) and FBS (2.66; 95% CI: 0.26–5.07; p = 0.03). However, no significant differences were found in weight and BMI change. Tirzepatide exhibited a notable advantage over Semaglutide in reducing HbA1c levels (−0.45; 95% CI: −0.88 to −0.02; p = 0.04). However, no clear superiority was observed for weight and FBS change. Transitions from Liraglutide to Semaglutide did not significantly impact HbA1c levels. However, weight loss (2.48; 95% CI: 0.45–4.51; p = 0.02) and reduced FBS levels (10.76; 95% CI: 0.55–20; p = 0.04) were observed. Transitioning from Dulaglutide to Semaglutide did not significantly affect HbA1c levels and weight change.Conclusion: While the precise source of heterogeneity remains elusive across most studies, analyses consistently demonstrate Semaglutide’s superior efficacy compared to Liraglutide in reducing both HbA1c levels and weight. Moreover, it presents advantages over Dulaglutide, specifically in lowering FBS levels. However, Tirzepatide surpasses Semaglutide in its efficacy for reducing HbA1c levels.

Background: Hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis, a multifaceted disorder affecting multiple systems, substantially diminishes patients’ physical capabilities and overall quality of life. Patisiran and Vutrisiran, two Ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference therapies, target reducing both pathogenic and wild-type transthyretin (TTR) protein levels. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness and safety of these treatments in managing ATTRv.Methods: A comprehensive, thorough literature search across databases including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar yielded 858 studies. Following removing duplicate and irrelevant articles, 676 distinct studies underwent review. These studies, conducted on a global scale, encompassed a range of methodologies, including clinical trials and indirect treatment comparisons.Results: Ten studies, spanning a total population of 756 patients, were selected for in-depth analysis. Patisiran and Vutrisiran consistently demonstrated significant improvements in primary and secondary endpoints related to neuropathy, quality of life, and cardiac function. Both medications were well-tolerated, with primarily mild to moderate adverse events. Indirect treatment comparison studies indicated Vutrisiran’s superiority over Tafamidis in treating ATTRv amyloidosis.Conclusion: This systematic review recommends using Patisiran and Vutrisiran to treat ATTRv amyloidosis. The findings suggest that these RNA interference therapies improve neuropathy, quality of life, and cardiac symptoms. The results indicate sustained benefits over prolonged treatment, with satisfactory safety profiles. However, potential biases, conflicts of interest in the studies, and limited follow-up periods in some trials necessitate cautious interpretation. Future research should address these limitations and provide more robust evidence for the long-term efficacy and safety of Patisiran and Vutrisiran in ATTRv treatment.

Background: Lipoprotein a (LP(a)), an LDL-like lipoprotein, known as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, has a controversial association with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes—the current systematic review aimed to critically assess the association between LP(a) and diabetic retinopathy. Methods: A systematic review of relevant studies was conducted after a thorough search in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar electronic databases. We used English observational, case-control, and prospective cohort studies published up to August 2022, including type 2 diabetic patients as the population, diabetic retinopathy as the outcome, and LP(a) as the intervention. Result: 17 relevant studies, including 4688 patients with diabetes, were included in this systematic review. While in 13 studies, Lipoprotein(a) was recognized as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, only three studies reported no evidence of a relationship between the two. Also, another study showed a mixed outcome of the relationship between LP(a) and diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: High serum lipoprotein(a) in patients with type 2 diabetes is considered a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. However, further large-scaled cohort studies are still required to validate this finding.

Aging significantly impacts several age-related neurological problems, such as stroke, brain tumors, oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and dementia), neuroinflammation, and neurotoxicity. Current treatments for these conditions often come with side effects like hallucinations, dyskinesia, nausea, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal distress. Given the widespread availability and cultural acceptance of natural remedies, research is exploring the potential effectiveness of plants in common medicines. The ancient medical system used many botanical drugs and medicinal plants to treat a wide range of diseases, including age-related neurological problems. According to current clinical investigations, berries improve motor and cognitive functions and protect against age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, berries may influence signaling pathways critical to neurotransmission, cell survival, inflammation regulation, and neuroplasticity. The abundance of phytochemicals in berries is believed to contribute to these potentially neuroprotective effects. This review aimed to explore the potential benefits of berries as a source of natural neuroprotective agents for age-related neurological disorders.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is caused by a defective precursor leading to malignant clonal expansion, often with FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 receptor (FLT3) mutations, particularly internal tandem duplication (ITD), which has a poor prognosis. Quizartinib, a second-generation FLT3 inhibitor, has FDA approval for relapsed/refractory AML with FLT3/ITD mutation. It has shown promise in clinical studies since 2013 due to its excellent oral absorption and potent activity on FLT3. This review explores Quizartinib's mechanism of action, efficacy in monotherapy or combination with chemotherapy, drug interactions, adverse events, resistance mechanisms and future research directions.

Myelofibrosis (MF), a complex hematological malignancy, presents a diverse array of symptoms, including anemia, constitutional symptoms, bone marrow insufficiency, and splenomegaly. The latter, often necessitating blood transfusions, poses an essential obstacle to MF management. While conventional approaches predominantly involve the use of JAK inhibitors, the potential for exacerbating anemia introduces complexity to the treatment. Nonetheless, Momelotinib stands out as a promising pharmaceutical compound with the potential to revolutionize the field. Momelotinib is an ACVR1 antagonist and a dual inhibitor of the JAK1 and JAK2 enzymes. By targeting MF's hematological and fibrotic aspects, Momelotinib influences iron metabolism by regulating hepcidin. This results in reduced hepcidin expression and increased iron availability, ultimately leading to improved anemia and reduced dependency on blood transfusion. This study aims to provide a concise overview of the pathogenesis of MF and elucidate the mechanism of action of Momelotinib. Subsequently, our review offers a practical summary encompassing the effects of Momelotinib in monotherapy, combined comparative drug therapy, and its associated side effects. Additionally, we explore the application of Momelotinib in other cancer types and investigate predictors for treatment success. Furthermore, we examine the utilization of Momelotinib in patients with liver and kidney failure.