Background: Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) are a rare and heterogeneous group of malignancies, accounting for approximately 5% of head and neck cancers. Despite their rarity, advances in molecular profiling have revealed a variety of genetic and molecular pathways, many of which are potentially actionable with targeted therapies. Methods: We reviewed the current literature involving the molecular landscape of SGCs, encompassing the diagnostic and prognostic value of tissue and liquid biomarkers and the potential therapeutic targets across various histological subtypes. Results: Our review highlights key molecular diagnostic findings such as the CRTC1-MAML2 fusion in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and MYB-NFIB rearrangements in adenoid cystic carcinoma, but also targetable alterations such as HER2 and AR positivity in salivary duct carcinoma and ETV6-NTRK3 fusion in secretory carcinoma. Liquid biopsy (both blood- or salivary-based), including circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and miRNAs, offers novel, noninvasive approaches for disease monitoring and personalized treatment. Emerging therapies such as HER2 inhibitors, androgen deprivation therapy, and TRK inhibitors underscore the shift towards precision oncology in managing these malignancies. Conclusions: Despite promising advances, challenges remain due to the rarity and phenotypic heterogeneity of SGCs, emphasizing the need for molecularly stratified clinical trials. This review presents an overview of tissue and liquid biomarkers, focusing on molecular targets and therapeutic innovations that lay the foundation for improved diagnostic and treatment strategies for SGCs.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become the cornerstone of treatment in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), for both metastatic disease and in an adjuvant setting. However, an adaptive resistance from cancer cells may arise during ICI treatment, therefore many studies are focusing on additional immune checkpoint inhibitor pathways. Promising targets of immunotherapeutic agents under investigation include T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), immunoglobulin-like transcript 4 (ILT4), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), vaccines, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. In this review of the literature, we recollect the current knowledge of the novel treatment strategies in the field of immunotherapy that are being investigated in RCC and analyze their mechanism of action, their activity and the clinical studies that are currently underway.

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the therapeutic landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), offering durable survival in selected patients. However, ICIs can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs), among which pneumonitis represents one of the most clinically significant due to its potential severity and diagnostic challenges. Different radiological patterns have been reported, although they may overlap with infectious or radiation-induced lung injury, complicating a timely diagnosis. Results: We report two cases of young patients with metastatic NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression who achieved long-term benefit from first-line pembrolizumab but were burdened by severe immune-related pneumonitis. Imaging findings in both patients were suggestive of organizing pneumonia associated with the presence of the so-called “atoll sign” (or reversed halo sign), a radiological feature rarely reported in the context of ICI-related pneumonitis. In both cases, the diagnosis was supported by imaging, microbiological tests, and histology. The subsequent administration of high-dose steroids led to rapid relief of symptoms associated with radiological improvement. Despite pembrolizumab discontinuation, both patients maintained durable systemic disease control. Conclusion: These cases emphasize the importance of recognizing uncommon radiological patterns such as the atoll sign in patients receiving ICIs, highlighting the need for vigilance even after prolonged therapy and underscoring the potential for sustained oncologic benefit despite treatment discontinuation.