Introduction: Multitargeted anticancer agents can overcome resistance by simultaneously modulating key pathways. This study reports a novel thiazole -chalcone/sulfonamide hybrid (compound 7) designed to inhibit both tubulin polymerization and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX).Methods: Compound 7 was synthesized through a five-step sequence and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Its cytotoxicity was assessed against cancer (HT-29, A549, 786-O, MCF-7) and normal (WI-38) cell lines. Tubulin polymerization and CA isoform inhibition (I, II, IX, XII) were evaluated. Apoptosis induction was confirmed by measuring p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspases 3 and 9. Molecular docking, ADMET, and DFT studies supported mechanistic insights.Results and discussion: Compound 7 showed potent activity against HT-29 cells (IC₅₀ = 0.98 μM) and low toxicity toward WI-38 cells. It inhibited tubulin polymerization (IC₅₀ = 2.72 μM) and selectively targeted CA IX (IC₅₀ = 0.021 μM) and CA XII, while sparing CA I and II. Apoptotic effects were confirmed by increased p53 and Bax, reduced Bcl-2, and activation of caspases. Docking studies revealed key interactions within the colchicine-binding site of tubulin and CA IX’s zinc-binding pocket. ADMET and DFT results supported its drug-like properties and electronic suitability. These findings suggest that compound 7 is a promising lead for dual-targeted anticancer therapy with selective cytotoxicity and mechanistic efficacy.

Ciprofloxacin, a widely used second-generation fluoroquinolone for treating bacterial infections, has recently shown notable anticancer properties. This review explores progress in developing ciprofloxacin derivatives with anticancer properties, emphasizing key structural changes that improve their therapeutic effectiveness by modifying the basic group at position 7, the carboxylic acid group at position 3, or both. It further investigates the mechanisms by which these derivatives fight cancer, such as inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle, inhibiting topoisomerase I and II, preventing tubulin polymerization, suppressing interleukin 6, blocking thymidine phosphorylase, inhibiting multidrug resistance proteins, and hindering angiogenesis. Additionally, it outlines their future directions, such as enhancing their efficacy, selectivity, and investigating potential synergy with other chemotherapeutic agents, offering a promising avenue for developing new therapies for cancer.

The study aims to characterize the Pol, Vpr, and Nef genes, as well as to explore the development of vaccines using computational tools. In this study, blood was extracted from HIV-positive samples, followed by RNA extraction. The RNA was converted into complementary DNA (cDNA) and processed for PCR amplification of the Pol, Vpr, and Nef genes using gene-specific primers. Consensus sequences were generated using CLC software. Additionally, we design an in-silico vaccine by using computational tools. We have successfully sequenced several samples, among them 9 for Pol gene, 5 for Vpr gene, and 8 for Nef gene. The consensus sequences generated from these genes were utilized for vaccine development. We created computational vaccines that include 8 B-cell epitopes, 9 CTL epitopes, and 11 HTL epitopes. The final vaccine construct consists of 555 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 60,226.49 amu. Molecular docking studies indicate that our vaccine construct exhibits a strong binding affinity with the TLR4 receptor. Our HIV vaccine construct covers 96.21% population of the world. Immune stimulation and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that our vaccine is stable and elicits a robust immune response. Our study indicates that our vaccine is a potentially strong and stable HIV vaccine for the Pakistani population by utilizing consensus amino acids from the Pol, Vpr, and Nef genes. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are necessary to evaluate the vaccine’s potential impact.

Since their inception, therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines have emerged as promising candidates for the prevention or treatment of infections and various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. In recent times, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have acquired active roles in the field of vaccine development due to their intrinsic capacity to adjust and enhance the immune response. Due to their characteristics, GNPs can exert optimal effects as both delivery vehicles and adjuvants. Despite their significant importance in vaccinology, numerous obstacles need to be overcome before GNPs can be used in the formulations of vaccines in clinical settings. The current review summarizes the latest and successful use of gold nanoparticles as a viable method for developing a new generation of vaccines.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TORCH infections ( Toxoplasma gondii , Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus [CMV], and herpes simplex virus [HSV]) among pregnant women reported at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Hospital in Pakistan. The study was conducted at PIMS from May 2021 to September 2022. This prospective study analyzed 8000 samples submitted to the pathology laboratory for routine testing. The ELISA method was employed to detect immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS (version 23.0). TORCH agent infections during pregnancy account for 19.82% of cases. T. gondii is responsible for 5.1% of complete abortions, 6.6% of incomplete abortions, 4.8% of missed abortions, and 2.8% of threatened abortions. Rubella is another pathogen that can lead to abortion in pregnant women, contributing to 7.8% of complete abortions, 19.7% of incomplete abortions, 5.7% of missed abortions, and 5.5% of threatened abortions. CMV and HSV are also implicated in abortion. CMV accounts for 6.2% of complete abortions, 9.1% of incomplete abortions, 4.8% of missed abortions, and 5.2% of threatened abortions. HSV plays a significant role in abortion as well, causing 4.2% of complete abortions, 7.1% of incomplete abortions, 1.5% of missed abortions, and 4.0% of threatened abortions. Data with a p value of less than 0.001 indicate strong statistical significance. The findings suggest that TORCH agents and abortion are significantly correlated, with TORCH agent infections being a major cause of abortion.

Purpose: The study explores the role of Nanotechnology, regarding antimicrobial treatment and coatings in combating AMR. The problem is compounded by the declining efficacy of conventional antibiotics because pathogens are increasingly developing immunity to antibacterial drugs. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of some nanotechnology-powered solutions and review public sentiment surrounding their incorporation into healthcare. Objective: We aimed to review the performance of nanoparticles for antimicrobial nanotechnology applications, highlight public views on healthcare uses of nanoparticulate-based delivery systems and outline some key scientific, social and ethical challenges together with opportunities presented by these innovations in combating AMR. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted on 210 respondents of different professions and educational levels. Statistical analysis the study used several statistical tests to identify apparent factors that influence public support for nanotechnology, including the Chi-Square Test of Independence, ANOVA Analysis and Correlation Analysis in addition to Logistic Regression as well as Factorial Mapping. During the laboratory phase, antimicrobial coatings of silver nanoparticles, copper oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles TiO2-NP were manufactured on diverse types of surfaces. Graphical representations, including bar graphs and error bars, were used extensively to illustrate the statistical results and provide visual clarity. Results: The Chi-Square Test of Independence indicated no significant association between professional background and support for nanotechnology (χ² = 16.071, df = 20, p = 0.712). ANOVA revealed a significant difference in the perceived effectiveness of nanotechnology across education levels (F (2.867) = 2.867, p = 0.024). Correlation Analysis demonstrated a very weak and non-significant relationship between the perceived criticality of AMR and the perceived effectiveness of nanotechnology (r = 0.058, p = 0.400). Logistic Regression showed that awareness of nanotechnology, education level, and familiarity with AMR did not significantly predict support for nanotechnology (p > 0.05). Factor Analysis identified two significant underlying factors (eigenvalues: 2.34 and 1.87) related to public concerns about nanotechnology, though further interpretation is required. Laboratory results showed that coatings containing silver nanoparticles reduced bacterial growth by over 99% after 24 hours. Graphical representations, including bar graphs with reference lines and error bars, effectively highlighted these statistical findings, providing clear visual support for the data. Practical Implications: These results show that whilst public support for nanotechnology does not vary substantially by gender, education or field of profession further targeted educational efforts could potentially improve overall understanding and acceptance, particularly in the context of AMR. Such coatings could help reduce dependence on a library of canonical antibiotics and curb the advancement of AMR. Novelty: This study is the first of its kind in examining public opinion combined with laboratory testing of antimicrobial nanocoating, addressing both societal and technological dimensions of nanotechnology in healthcare. The combination of statistical and graphical analysis received here has been adding value to the findings, alluding to them as stronger evidence for a proposition in current policymaking as well as future research. Conclusion: The coatings based on nanotechnology as antimicrobial agents exhibit significant potential in inhibiting bacterial causes of infections and serve the need to prevent AMR. But more needs to be done about the human factors related to challenges of safety, public perception and clinical translation. Formulation optimization, biocompatibility and clinical trials of large samples should be the research focus in future. Multidisciplinary collaboration, upfront public engagement and cross-cutting nanotechnology strategies are important for effective integration of the field into global healthcare practices.