Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pathological processes of demyelination, subsequent axonal loss, and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Despite the availability of numerous disease-modifying therapies that effectively manage this condition, there is an emerging need to identify novel therapeutic targets, particularly for progressive forms of MS. Based on contemporary insights into disease pathophysiology, ongoing efforts are directed toward developing innovative treatment modalities. Primarily, monoclonal antibodies have been extensively investigated for their efficacy in influencing specific pathological pathways not yet targeted. Emerging approaches emphasizing cellular mechanisms, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy targeting immunological cells, are attracting increasing interest. The evolving understanding of microglia and the involvement of ferroptotic mechanisms in MS pathogenesis presents further avenues for targeted therapies. Moreover, innovative treatment strategies extend beyond conventional approaches to encompass interventions that target alterations in microbiota composition and dietary modifications. These adjunctive therapies hold promise as complementary methods for the holistic management of MS. This narrative review aims to summarize current therapies and outline potential treatment methods for individuals with MS.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the hepatic manifestation of systemic metabolic dysregulation, strongly linked to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, liver-related complications, and different types of malignancies. Although MASLD is associated with obesity and insulin resistance, it is increasingly recognized that the liver engages in complex crosstalk with several endocrine pathways, including thyroid function, sex and steroid hormone regulation, and growth hormone signaling. The pathophysiology of MASLD is multifactorial and complex, as reflected by its clinical range—from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. MASLD now affects about one-quarter of the global population, with its prevalence rising due to sedentary lifestyles, chronic caloric excess, and endocrine disturbances contributing to disease progression. Given the escalating prevalence of MASLD and its frequent concurrence with various endocrinopathies, understanding this relationship is critical for refining diagnostic accuracy and optimizing therapeutic strategies. This review aims to synthesize contemporary insights into the complex interactions between MASLD and selected endocrine disorders, elucidate underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and underscore novel treatment paradigms. As MASLD remains a significant clinical challenge worldwide, its intersection with endocrine dysfunctions represents a vital and promising domain for future research and clinical management.

This review presents current knowledge on the surgical treatment of endometrial cancer in young patients. Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in Europe. Higher morbidity is correlated with obesity, hypertension and diabetes, which are growing worldwide. However, endometrial cancer at an early age is very rare. The first line of treatment for this cancer is radical hysterectomy, which is controversial in young women. There is an alternative method of fertility-sparing treatment. However, there is a group of young patients for whom surgical treatment is recommended. According to European guidelines, minimally invasive surgery is recommended for endometrial cancer. The aim of the study was to present the advantages of robotic surgery for endometrial cancer detected at a young age. The procedure of radical treatment with robot-assisted laparoscopy is more precise. Better visualization and stabilization of instruments allow a shorter procedure time, a brief hospital stay and fewer complications. Quality of life may be at a similar level. Incisions after trocars are painless and more esthetic than a classical wound. Bilateral adnexectomy in endometrial cancer depends on age, molecular status of the cancer, stage, genetic risk factors and individual decision. Conclusions: Robotic surgery seems to be a better surgical method for endometrial cancer in younger patients.

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are complex connective tissue disorders, with hypermobile EDS (hEDS) being the most common subtype, characterised by joint hypermobility. Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical assessment and family history, as definitive genetic testing is not yet available. Patients with hEDS frequently experience shoulder instability, often involving bidirectional patterns, posing substantial management challenges. Conservative management remains the cornerstone of treatment for hEDS-related shoulder instability. Evidence supports structured, progressive physiotherapy programmes that emphasise strengthening of dynamic stabilisers, including higher-load exercise where tolerated, alongside neuromuscular and proprioceptive training. Progressive home-based programmes with monitoring and selective adjunctive interventions, such as compression garments and taping for short-term improvements in pain or range of motion, have demonstrated feasibility and potential benefit, enhancing accessibility and long-term adherence. Surgical interventions, including arthroscopic techniques such as posterior glenohumeral capsular reconstruction with allografts, and open procedures such as inferior capsular shift or shoulder arthroplasty, have shown promise in carefully selected patients. Long-term outcomes remain limited, and surgical decision-making should be individualised, performed in specialised centres, and integrated with structured postoperative rehabilitation. This narrative review summarises and compares available surgical options and evaluates current evidence supporting conservative management for shoulder instability in hEDS.