This review is focused on molecular momentum transport at fluid-solid interfaces mainly related to microfluidics and nanofluidics in micro-/nano-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). This broad subject covers molecular dynamics behaviors, boundary conditions, molecular momentum accommodations, theoretical and phenomenological models in terms of gas-solid and liquid-solid interfaces affected by various physical factors, such as fluid and solid species, surface roughness, surface patterns, wettability, temperature, pressure, fluid viscosity and polarity. This review offers an overview of the major achievements, including experiments, theories and molecular dynamics simulations, in the field with particular emphasis on the effects on microfluidics and nanofluidics in nanoscience and nanotechnology. In Section 1 we present a brief introduction on the backgrounds, history and concepts. Sections 2 and 3 are focused on molecular momentum transport at gas-solid and liquid-solid interfaces, respectively. Summary and conclusions are finally presented in Section 4.

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Macroscopic models beyond Fourier's law for fast-transient heating and heat transport in nanosystems have been proposed. Consequently, some basic quantities such as entropy and temperature need to be modified. From the viewpoint of the thermomass theory, we show that in nonequilibrium systems where heat conduction occurs, the static pressure of thermomass is lower than the total pressure, corresponding to a nonequilibrium temperature lower than the local-equilibrium temperature. The definition of entropy is also modified since the phonon kinetic energy conserves the ability to do work. The nonequilibrium temperature based on the thermomass theory is close to that in the extended irreversible thermodynamics. The microscopic foundation is explored through a phonon Boltzmann derivation. The higher-order contributions to the distribution function are found to be responsible for such modification of temperature. Therefore, the thermomass model gives not only non-Fourier conduction law, but also a physical picture about modified state variables in nonequilibrium states.

Entransy, a recently developed concept, is the central physical quantity characterizing heat transfer processes not related to heat-to-work conversions. The entransy of an object pertains to the nature of the potential energy of heat in a thermal field and describes its heat transfer ability. In the present study, we revisit this concept, and develop its relationship to state and process quantities. This then enables a direct comparison to the more familiar concept, entropy, the central physical quantity in thermodynamics. The comparison helps to identify the role entransy has in heat transfer processes and highlight under what conditions state and process quantities related to entransy can be distinguished in such processes. As to embody the entransy loss due to work expended between the system and its environment for the irreversible heat conduction in gases, new quantities, available entransy flow and available system entransy are introduced. Both the entransy of solids and the available system entransy of gases are state quantities and their changes correspond to the entransy flow and the available entransy flow respectively. Thus there is no need to stress the difference between process quantity and state quantity in heat transfer.