Introduction: The human upper airway regulates temperature, but its heating capacity remains unclear when the ambient temperature is low and the airway structure is abnormal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of the upper airway in patients with mandibular retrognathia, and to quantitatively evaluate the influence of ambient temperature on the temperature field of the upper airway, which could provide a valuable reference for the prediction, diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract related diseases.Methods: Two typical ambient temperatures of —10 °C and 20 °C were selected to numerically simulate the air flow and heat transfer synchronization in the upper airway model of mandibular retrognathia under quiet breathing and heavy breathing.Results and discussion: The results showed that the inspired air could not be sufficiently heated after flowing through the upper airway and main trachea in the two breathing states under low temperature conditions, and the inferior bronchus was more stimulated under the state of heavy breathing. In addition, the vortex flow structure in the upper airway can enhance the convective heat transfer effect in the corresponding area.

Purpose: During extracorporeal circulation in heart surgery, blood is exposed to non-physiological conditions, such as high shear stress, foreign surfaces, turbulence, and hypothermia. These factors cause damage to the red blood cells, which is manifested by immediate and delayed hemolysis or some changes in the mechanical properties of red blood cells, defined as sublethal trauma. Unfortunately, sublethal trauma is hard to detect, and there is not enough morphological evidence regarding red blood cell sublethal trauma. In this study, red blood cell sublethal trauma was observed after extracorporeal circulation by describing ultrastructural changes in red blood cell membranes using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Methods: Venous blood (2 mL) was collected into heparin tubes from preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative aortic dissection patients for comparison with blood from healthy patients. The red blood cell morphological study (malformations percentage, diameter, height, concavity, and roughness) was performed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Results: Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging analysis revealed that the red blood cell shape changed during extracorporeal circulation and that the red blood cell malformation percentage in the postoperative group was higher than those in the preoperative and intraoperative groups. Most morphological parameters had no obvious changes, except roughness (Ra and Rq) in aortic dissection patients. Atomic force microscopy quantitative analysis indicated that the roughness of red blood cell membranes increased during extracorporeal circulation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that ultrastructural morphological damage occurs to red blood cells membranes due to extracorporeal circulation in aortic dissection patients. In addition, we provided a new parameter (Ra and Rq) to evaluate red blood cell sublethal trauma.

In the digital era, the significance of design education is on the rise due to its ability to cultivate creativity. However, the disconnect between design practice and theory, coupled with the abundance of design knowledge, poses challenges to learning in this field. Despite the potential of large language models (LLMs) to integrate various data sources for facilitating design knowledge dissemination, they face obstacles such as the scarcity of design-related datasets and limited natural language representations. To overcome these challenges, we introduce DRELM, a design-centric language model that serves as an assistant providing UI design recommendations. We also offer corresponding resources to advance language modeling research in the design domain. Importantly, DesignInstruct stands out as a premier dataset for guiding user interface tasks, while DesignEvaluation significantly contributes to autonomous design evaluation and decision support. In our research, we utilize supervised data from DesignInstruct and DesignEvaluation to fine-tune pre-trained Qwen-7B models for design tasks. Experiments conducted on test data affirm the effectiveness of our dataset in enhancing knowledge comprehension, design execution, and evaluation. We commit to making all training data and DRELM models at https://github.com/sssala/DRELM-A-Language-Model-for-Design-Recommendation-and-Evaluation.