Climate-Smart Agricultural (CSA) technologies are essential in enhancing agricultural sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change. However, the successful adoption of these technologies remains a complex challenge influenced by various factors. This research aims to provide a systematic review of the factors affecting the adoption of CSA technologies and thoroughly examine academic research in this rapidly developing study area. Scientific mapping was conducted, analytical techniques were used to understand the annual scientific production countries with the highest citations and co-occurrence network analysis was also done using the key search terms of CSA adoption research. The literature on determinants of CSA adoption is synthesized in terms of theories, contexts, characteristics and methods (TCCM) framework to propose future research directions.Additionally, the study develops a conceptual framework incorporating the commonly mentioned antecedents, mediators, moderators and consequences in existing literature. Drawing upon an extensive review of peer-reviewed articles, this study categorizes factors into 3 main dimensions: Socio-Demographic and Socioeconomic factors, Farm and Land factors and Technological and Informational factors. This review of the research also reveals the impact of positive and negative aspects onCSA's adoption. In addition, this review summarizes the theoretical perspectives taken in this field of study. Furthermore, to develop this research domain, some interesting future research directions have been recommended by identifying understudied research areas.

Excessive pesticide use by farmers is a critical issue influenced by psychological, behavioural, socioeconomic and regulatory factors. This study employs a bibliometric analysis and systematic review to assess key factors driving excessive pesticide use, focusing on research trends and behavioural influences. A total of 43 peer-reviewed articles from the Scopus database (2000-2024) were selected using PRISMA methodology, based on relevance to psychological and behavioural factors influencing pesticide use. Findings indicate that peer influence, farmers’ risk perceptions, financial constraints and limited awareness of sustainable alternatives like Integrated Pest Management (IPM) contribute significantly to pesticide overuse. Moreover, reliance on chemical pesticides, psychological stress from market uncertainties and risk-averse decision-making further contribute to overuse, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. Bibliometric analysis highlights a fragmented research landscape with limited interdisciplinary collaboration. China emerges as a leading contributor, demonstrating a strong national research focus with a significant number of studies conducted by Chinese researchers and institutions, while other countries show varying levels of cooperative engagement. This study underscores the importance of enhancing farmers’ awareness of non-chemical pest control methods, strengthening regulatory frameworks and fostering community-led initiatives. Future research should prioritise the exploration of education, economic conditions and social norms to better understand their impact on pesticide use behaviours. These insights aim to inform policy and interventions that promote sustainable pest management while balancing agricultural productivity with environmental and public health priorities.

Agricultural production is closely linked with weather conditions, as fluctuations in temperature, rainfall, wind patterns and humidity significantly influence crop productivity. Adverse weather events often lead to considerable crop losses, emphasizing the need for timely and accurate weather information. Weather Based Agro Advisory Services (WBAAS) play a pivotal role in bridging this gap by providing farmers with real-time and forecasted weather information, enabling them to adopt strategic measures to mitigate risks and optimize agricultural outputs. WBAAS offers customized guidance based on weather predictions, including optimal sowing times, irrigation scheduling, pest and disease management and post-harvest strategies. By receiving accurate and timely advisories on parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and rainfall, farmers can make informed decisions, reducing the likelihood of crop failure and improving yield quality and quantity. These services not only aid in minimizing production losses but also enhance economic returns by promoting resource efficiency and sustainable farming practices. The integration of technological innovations into weather based agro advisory services further strengthens their impact, facilitating the dissemination of precise weather data through mobile applications, SMS alerts and other digital platforms. Studies have demonstrated the transformative potential of these services in improving farmers' adaptive capacity and resilience against climate variability. This review analyses studies on how farmers utilize technological innovations combined with weather-based information to enhance agricultural productivity. It examines the impact of weather based agro advisory services on agriculture and explores their broader role in achieving sustainable farming practices and addressing challenges posed by climate change.

Agriculture is one of the major sectors affected by climate change, and farmers are having to adapt rapidly to overcome the risks. However, farmers face many struggles because of lack of awareness and experience of new methods. Understanding farmers’ constraints and adaptation strategies is very important for the implementation of adequate policies for agricultural and food security. Hence, this research aims to investigate the consequences faced by farmers due to livelihood diversification and suggestions to overcome. Data were collected from 240 respondents in Tamil Nadu, India by a thorough survey method with the help of a pretested, well-structured interview schedule. Percentage analysis is an appropriate method that gives answers to how many respondents give a particular response. The Garratt ranking technique was used to study the preferences and change in priority of consequences encountered by farmers–and the potential advantages–into numerical scores. The Z test was used to determine whether two population means are different with the same variance. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. The results show that the majority of farmers reported concerns regarding constraints such as lack of previous experience, poor family support, and involvement of risk factors. The survey reveals that Tamil Nadu farmers suggested the conducting of specific training, encouraging livestock management and providing subsidies for agricultural and allied enterprise development as strategies to overcome the constraints of livelihood diversification. The Z test results indicated that there is a difference between irrigated and nonirrigated farms with respect to farmers’ age, educational status, level of income, occupation, and awareness of climate change. The suggestions offered help policymakers develop suitable policies.

The article examines the beneficiaries’ perceptions of Drip Irrigation Adoption under the Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization Project using a quantitative research approach and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). A survey was conducted with 559 respondents from different districts of Tamil Nadu using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEU), Attitude Toward Use (ATU) and Behavioural Intension (BI) were some of the key constructs in the study. The study utilized a structured questionnaire for data collection, which was then analyzed using percentage analysis and SEM to explore the relationships among the constructs. The results showed that the respondents were predominately older, more experienced farmers with small to marginal landholdings. Educational levels among the respondents were diverse but skewed toward middle and secondary schooling, with (47.39%) having received this level of education. Incomes were predominantly in the lower-middle-class range, with respondents showing moderate interest in scientific practices and a high degree of openness to innovation. The study established that Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use were crucial factors influencing farmers' attitudes toward drip irrigation, affecting their behavioural intention to adopt the technology. This study concludes that perceived benefits and ease of use are critical drivers in encouraging the adoption of water-saving technologies such as drip irrigation among farmers. Future research could include longitudinal studies on whether drip irrigation is eventually adopted and impacts farm productivity and water conservation. It may be possible to extend the model to include external variables, such as social influence, economic incentives and policy support, to better understand adoption dynamics.

Human-wildlife conflict is a persistent and widespread issue affecting rural areas in developed and developing nations and urban outskirts. These conflicts lead to significant financial losses, including reduced crop yields, property damage and adverse effects on farmers' livelihoods. This study reviewed incidents, reports and research from the past 20 years, utilizing web-based search engines like Scopus and Google Scholar. The focus was on human-wildlife conflict in agriculture, particularly in South Indias’ biogeographic regions. This article explores the causes and consequences of these conflicts, analyzing farmers' vulnerability and resilience and examining the mitigation strategies employed in the past and present. Tamil Nadu, a state in South India alone, witnessed 36 human fatalities caused by elephants and seven by gaurs, 2560 crop damages and 81 household property damages done by both animals between 2016 and 2017. Most studies on human-wildlife conflict in India are region-specific or focused on individual species, often neglecting agriculture. This study bridges that gap by examining South Indias’ agricultural sector and the harmful interactions between humans and wildlife, particularly their impact on farmers’ livelihoods. Additionally, the article reviews the efficacy and limitations of the strategies implemented to address the issue. The findings provide insights into the driving factors, consequences and potential mitigation strategies to reduce these conflicts. It emphasizes that the well-being of wildlife and the goals of agriculture are not inherently contradictory. Encouraging stakeholders to adopt sustainable, economical and wildlife-friendly solutions can foster peaceful coexistence. Addressing human and wildlife needs, this approach aims to reduce conflicts, secure farmer livelihoods and promote conservation efforts. The study explores potential strategies for mitigating human-wildlife conflicts while highlighting the importance of a sustainable, balanced approach that ensures the coexistence of wildlife conservation and agricultural activities.