There are numerous reported cases of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae in Nigeria. Yet, there are regions in Nigeria that cases of ESBL were under-reported. The review aims to assess the prevalence of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Nigeria and the genes involved. An extensive literature was searched through an electronic database including PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar and African Journal Online (AJOL). Articles published between January 2004 and November 2019 was included in the study. The titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were reviewed, and then the full texts of the remained articles were reviewed. Articles were divided according to geopolitical zones. Among the 217 articles identified, 60 studies (10 from north-central, 4 from northeast, 7 from the northwest, 17 from the southeast, 10 from south-south, and 12 from southwest Nigeria) were included. The highest prevalence recorded was 93.3%, while the lowest was 7.5%. The genes TEM, SHV, and CTX-M were the predominant variant commonly found. The most frequently used phenotypic detection method is the Double disc synergy test (DDST). ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria in hospital and community settings in Nigeria were commonly found. The prevalence of ESBL is very high with one of the geopolitical zones under-reported. Future research should be conducted in these zones where there are scanty studies, and a holistic approach involving the clinicians, researchers, laboratory scientists, and patients will go a long way in reducing the dissemination of this resistance mechanism.

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the suitability of triclosan (TCS) and flurbiprofen (FLB) with poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), chitosan (CS), and Kolliphor® P188 (KP) for possible application in the design of nano-formulations.Results: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the physical characteristics of the various sample compositions without any apparent interaction. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)’s spectra of the physical mixtures showed their characteristic absorption bands with broadening and overlapping of bands in some instances, but no appearance of new bands was observed.Conclusion: The study revealed the physical form stability of the evaluated components after the storage period and lack of definite pharmaceutical incompatibility between them. Thus, the selected drugs and excipients could be used for the development of pharmaceutical nano-formulations.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the genetic relatedness of extendedspecnum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli using the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique. Methods: Suspected Gram-negative bacteria with their identities from the clinical samples were confirmed using Microgen GN-A-ID Kit. The double-disc synergy test was used to confirm for ESBL-producing E. coli. The susceptibility of the organisms was tested against eleven antimicrobial agents. A singleplex PCR assay was carried out targeting TEM, SHV, CTX-M, and OXA. ERIC-PCR performed, and band patterns obtained were visually evaluated. A dendrogram of the ERIC-PCR fingerprint pattern was done with the aid of DendroUPGMA using the cluster method. Results: Of the 576 clinical samples collected. 23 isolates were confirmed E. coli, and all (100%) are ESBL producers. The highest antibiotic resistance rate was recorded in cefixime (95.6%). and the least was amikacin (17.4%). The predominant ESBL gene is blaTEM genes (95.6%). Gel analysis of ERIC-PCR revealed 1-6 bands. The profiles of the ERIC-PCR differentiated the 23 E. coil isolates into four ERIC cluster types. Conclusion: More than 80% of the isolates are sensitive to amikacin, with greater than 95% harboring blaTEM genes. Overall, ERIC obtained from the clinical specimens indicated some evidence in the genetic relatedness of the ESBL genes among E. coli isolates.