Purpose: Recurrent patellar dislocation is a prevalent orthopaedic issue among active paediatric and adolescent populations. Bony surgical procedures are not recommended in growing patients; therefore, the focus of surgery is on restoring the medial patellar ligaments, with different reconstructive techniques available. This retrospective case series focuses on the 2‐year outcomes of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction in skeletally immature patients with open physis.Methods: Twenty‐four consecutive patients with patellofemoral instability and open growth plates underwent anatomic MPFL reconstruction with a physeal‐sparing technique. All subjects have had more than three episodes of true patellar dislocations. Preoperative radiographic examination included anteroposterior and lateral views to assess patella alta and limb alignment. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to evaluate trochlear dysplasia and tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT–TG) distance. The patients were questioned regarding complications and clinical outcomes using the visual analogue scale (VAS), Kujala and Paediatric International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi‐IKDC) score. Variables were evaluated using paired t test with significance at p < 0.05.Results: The mean age at the time of operation was 13.04 years (9–16 years). The cohort was followed for a mean duration of 38.66 months (24–86 months). The mean time from injury to surgery was 50.45 days (16–80 days). No growth arrest, limb‐length discrepancies or angular deformities were observed post‐operatively during the whole follow‐up period. No patellar re‐dislocations were recorded throughout the study period. The VAS score improved significantly from 5.67 (4–8) to 1.88 (0–4) (p < 0.01). The Kujala score improved significantly from 64.67 (44–81) preoperatively to 87.58 (77–100) post‐operatively (p < 0.01). The Pedi‐IKDC also increased significantly from 58.81 (34.80–77.70) preoperatively to 90.64 (70.70–100) post‐operatively (p < 0.01). The vast majority of patients (87.5%) returned to their pre‐injury activity level. Boys scored better than girls in VAS, Pedi‐IKDC and Kujala score post‐operatively, but these differences were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Physeal‐sparing MPFL reconstruction in children and adolescents yields excellent midterm results and allows patients to return to sports without redislocation of the patella. Boys scored better than girls in VAS, Pedi‐IKDC and Kujala score post‐operatively, but these differences were not statistically significant.Level of Evidence: IV: case series with no comparative group.

Background: There has been a growing interest in using inertial sensors to explore the temporal aspects of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The current study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal parameters and phases of the TUG test in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and compare the results with those of non-arthritic individuals. Methods: This study included 20 patients with KOA and 60 non-arthritic individuals aged 65 to 84 years. All participants performed the TUG test, and 17 spatiotemporal parameters and phase data were collected wirelessly using the BTS G-Walk inertial sensor. Results: Significant mobility impairments were observed in KOA patients, including slower gait speed, impaired sit-to-stand transitions, and reduced turning efficiency. These findings highlight functional deficits in individuals with KOA compared to their non-arthritic counterparts. Conclusions: The results emphasize the need for targeted physiotherapy interventions, such as quadriceps strengthening, balance training, and gait retraining, to address these deficits. However, the study is limited by its small sample size, gender imbalance, and limited validation of the BTS G-Walk device. Future research should include larger, more balanced cohorts, validate sensor reliability, and conduct longitudinal studies. Despite these limitations, the findings align with previous research and underscore the potential of inertial sensors in tailoring rehabilitation strategies and monitoring progress in KOA patients.

Background: Wearable inertial sensors are essential tools in biomechanics and sports science for assessing gait in real-world conditions. This study explored gender-based differences in biomechanical walking patterns among healthy Greek athletes using the BTS G-Walk system, focusing on key gait parameters to inform gender-specific training and rehabilitation strategies. Methods: Ninety-five healthy athletes (55 men, 40 women), aged 18 to 30 years, participated in this study. Each athlete performed a standardized 14 m walk while 17 biomechanical gait parameters were recorded using the BTS G-Walk inertial sensor. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS to assess gender differences and left–right foot symmetry. Results: No significant asymmetry was found between the left and right feet for most gait parameters. Men exhibited longer stride lengths (left: p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 0.61; right: p = 0.009, Cohen’s d = 0.53) and longer stride and gait cycle durations (left: p = 0.025, Cohen’s d = 0.52; right: p = 0.025, Cohen’s d = 0.53). Women showed a higher cadence (p = 0.022, Cohen’s d = −0.52) and greater propulsion index (left: p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = −0.71; right: p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = −0.73), as well as a higher percentage of first double support (p = 0.030, Cohen’s d = −0.44). Conclusions: These findings highlight the impact of biological and biomechanical differences on walking patterns, emphasizing the need for gender-specific training and rehabilitation. The BTS G-Walk system proved reliable for gait analysis, with potential for optimizing performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation in athletes. Future research should explore larger, more diverse populations with multi-sensor setups.

Background: MPFL reconstruction in children with open physis may be challenging, as a major concern during the surgery is to preserve the distal femoral physis. The purpose of this study was to compare the complication rate and the patient-reported outcomes in skeletally immature patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction using an anatomic (A) or non- anatomic (NA) surgical technique. Methods: For this systematic review, the authors adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. The literature search was conducted from inception to 31 May 2024. Three databases were used: Pubmed, Scopus and Cochrane library. We included skeletally immature patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction for chronic or recurrent patellar instability. The included studies should describe the surgical technique, report clinical outcomes and complications. Patients with closed physis, prior ipsilateral knee surgery, concomitant surgical procedures except for lateral retinacular release, multiligament knee injury, congenital or acute patellofemoral instability, hyperlaxity or less than 12 months follow up were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I, MINORS and MCMS scores. Results: Data from 304 procedures were collected, of which 208 were performed using an anatomic technique and 96 using a non-anatomic technique. Patient age at the time of surgery ranged from 8 to 17 years. The follow-up time ranged between 12 and 116.4 months. Postoperative Kujala (−0.73, p = 0.55) and Tegner (−0.70, p = 0.80) scores were better in the anatomic group compared to the non-anatomic one. Higher rates of recurrent instability (OR 0.91; 95%CI 0.44–1.86, p = 0.85), redislocation (OR 1.21; 95%CI 0.42–3.51, p = 0.8), subluxation (OR 0.73; 95%CI 0.29–1.83, p = 0.62), a positive apprehension test (OR 0.92; 95%CI 0.27–3.13, p = 0.89), stiffness (decreased ROM) (OR 1.63; 95%CI 0.33–1.72, p = 0.54) and reoperation (OR 1.16; 95%CI 0.35–3.80, p = 0.8) were reported in papers using the anatomic technique. Conclusions: The findings of this systematic review reveal that there is no significant difference between anatomic and non-anatomic MPFL reconstruction techniques in terms of patient-reported outcomes and complications. Thus, the choice of surgical technique might be left up to surgeon’s preference. Further high-quality, pediatric-oriented studies with long-term follow–up are needed to better guide clinical decision-making.