Obesity is a global public health issue linked to various comorbidities in both humans and animals. This study investigated the effects of vitamin D (VD) and omega-3 fatty acids (ω3FA) on obesity, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic alterations in Wistar rats. After 13 weeks on a standard (S) or High-Fat, High-Sugar (HFHS) diet, the rats received VD, ω3FA, a combination (VD/ω3), or a control (C) for another 13 weeks. The HFHS diet led to increased weight gain, abdominal circumference, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and gut dysbiosis. VD supplementation improved their fasting blood glucose and reduced liver damage, while ω3FA slowed BMI progression, reduced abdominal fat, liver damage, and intestinal permeability, and modulated the gut microbiota. The combination of VD/ω3 prevented weight gain, decreased abdominal circumference, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced triglycerides. This study demonstrates that VD and ω3FA, alone or combined, offer significant benefits in preventing obesity, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic alterations, with the VD/ω3 combination showing the most promise. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms behind these effects and their long-term potential in both animal and human obesity management.

The os cordis (dextrum and sinistrum) shows considerable variation in its presence, number, size, shape, and position, not only among species but also among individuals of the same breeds. However, quantitative data in cattle remain limited. This study aimed to determine the frequency, number, and anatomical location of ossa cordis in cattle and to explore the influence of age, sex, and breed on the osteometric, weight, and densitometric measurements of the os cordis dextrum. The correlations between these measurements and animal’s age were also examined. A total of 23 bovine hearts from five breeds, including both sexes and divided into two age groups (young adults and adults), were analyzed. Heart and carcass weights were recorded for each animal. After dissection, the ossa cordis were removed, and three osteometric measurements along with bone weight were taken for the os cordis dextrum. Computed tomography was used to obtain three densitometric measurements. Data was analyzed in R using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Results showed that the os cordis dextrum was present in all individuals, whereas the os cordis sinistrum appeared only in older animals. Furthermore, adults had a significantly larger and heavier os cordis dextrum than young adults. Overall, the weight, size, and density of the os cordis dextrum increased with age. These findings suggest that the os cordis plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting the heart as cattle mature.