Providing feedback is a key instructional strategy in motor learning. Recently, interest has grown in self-controlled (SC) feedback, which allows learners to choose when to receive feedback. However, evidence on its effectiveness remains mixed, and its impact across different learning phases and populations is unclear. This meta-analysis assessed the effect of SC feedback on motor skill learning during acquisition, retention, and transfer phases, compared to passively received (PR) feedback and Yoked (YK) feedback groups. A comprehensive search of three datasets identified 29 studies comprising 1147 participants. Although SC feedback did not bring a significant advantage in the acquisition phase, it facilitated motor skill learning in both the retention and transfer phases. Moderator analyses revealed that cognitive status influenced SC feedback efficacy during the acquisition phase, with significant effects observed only in cognitively impaired individuals. Additionally, skill type moderated outcomes in the transfer phase, with series skills showing greater benefits than discrete skills, and this effect was significant only when compared to the YK group. In summary, SC feedback-enhanced motor skill learning in the retention and transfer phases, supporting its role in the consolidation and generalization of learning. Additionally, cognitively impaired individuals showed greater benefits during the acquisition phase, and series skills demonstrated more substantial gains in the transfer phase.

Social mindfulness entails the consideration of the interests of others while respecting their autonomy. Although long-term group identity generates in-group favoritism in social mindfulness decisions, the effect of temporary group identity on social mindfulness remains to be validated. This study examined this effect by recruiting a convenience sample of 74 adolescents from a youth basketball club, who were randomly assigned to either an in-group or out-group decision-making condition. A basketball game scenario was used to establish temporary group identities, referencing the Minimal Group paradigm for grouping while applying the SoMi paradigm in a real-world context. The results showed that adolescents exhibited higher social mindfulness (χ² = 22.774, df = 1, p < 0.001) and preference-adjusted social mindfulness (χ² = 6.861, df = 1, p < 0.01) toward in-group compared to out-group members. Conversely, they displayed higher levels of preference-adjusted social hostility toward out-group members (χ² = 11.291, df = 1, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that even temporary group identities, formed in a sports setting, can lead to intergroup bias in adolescents’ social decision-making, promoting goodwill toward the in-group while restricting the autonomy of out-group members.

Olfactory function plays a vital role in daily life but tends to decline with age, affecting health and wellbeing. While previous studies suggest a link between physical activities and olfactory function in older adults, the relationship between cognitive activity and olfactory function remains unclear, as do the combined effects of both activities. This cross-sectional study examined associations between physical and cognitive activity and three domains of olfaction (identification, sensitivity, and memory) in 583 community-dwelling older adults. Both types of activity were positively associated with overall olfactory performance. Physical activity exhibited the strongest link with olfaction identification, while cognitive activity was more closely related to olfaction memory. Furthermore, participants engaging in moderate-to-high levels of both activities achieved the best overall olfactory scores. These findings suggest that a combined lifestyle of physical exertion and cognitive engagement may help preserve olfactory function in aging, with implications for autonomy, safety, and quality of life.

Social mindfulness (SoMi), defined as demonstrating goodwill with minimal resources, is a central component of prosociality. Although sport participation has been associated with changes in prosocial behavior, its influence on intergroup bias in SoMi remains unclear. This research used four studies ( N = 463) with adapted SoMi and minimal group paradigms to explore this issue in adolescents. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that sport participation significantly reduced intergroup bias, particularly by increasing SoMi behaviors toward outgroup members, with variations across different sport contexts. In Study 3, the roles of cooperation and competition within sport participation were examined separately, revealing that cooperation heightened ingroup favoritism while competition increased outgroup derogation. Study 4 examined these effects in non-sport contexts, revealing that competition fostered both ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation, whereas cooperation did not significantly affect overall bias but alleviated outgroup derogation. These findings suggest that sport participation can substantially influence intergroup bias in SoMi through sport-specific mechanisms of cooperation and competition.

Background: Response–response (RR) binding, involving the integration of independently planned and executed responses, presents a novel perspective on action control. While behavioral evidence on RR binding has been extensively examined, corresponding electrophysiological evidence remains scarce. This study aims to contribute novel insights into RR binding by event-related potentials (ERP) techniques to provide new evidence for RR binding. Methods: An adapted prime-probe paradigm was employed, in which the required responses could either involve repetition or change conditions from the prime to the probe phase. EEG data were collected from thirty-six participants, and ERP analysis focused on the peak amplitude and latency of the P1 and P3 components. Results: Notably shorter RTs were observed in the response–repetition conditions compared to others, consistent with previous findings on RR binding. Furthermore, the response–repetition conditions exhibited larger P3 amplitudes and shorter P1 and P3 latencies relative to other conditions. Conclusions: In summary, this study strengthens the evidence base for RR binding by bridging both behavioral and electrophysiological perspectives.

Background/Objectives: Attentional bias toward drug-related cues is a characteristic of drug dependence and plays a detrimental role during drug withdrawal. The present study examined attentional bias in female individuals with drug dependence. We focused on its temporal and spatial characteristics using drug-related and negative emotion dot-probe tasks. Methods: Fifty-one female participants with drug dependence (mean age = 24.71 ± 7.58 years) took part in the study. These participants were primarily dependent on methamphetamine and novel psychoactive substances. They completed tasks with two cue exposure durations (500 ms and 2000 ms) under three spatial conditions: match, mismatch, and neutral. Results: Results indicated that a global attentional bias toward drug-related cues, rather than a location-specific bias, was evident during the short cue exposure (500 ms), regardless of spatial alignment (ps < 0.05), whereas no bias was observed during the sustained attention stage (2000 ms). No attentional bias was observed for negative emotional stimuli, highlighting the stimulus-specific nature of this effect. Conclusions: These findings further support the incentive sensitization model of addiction, showing that interference from drug-related items, regardless of the specific orientation of attention, primarily drives short cue exposure attentional bias in females.