The exacerbation of wildfires caused by global warming poses a significant threat to human health and environmental integrity. This review examines the particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants resulting from fire incidents and their impacts on individual health, with a specific focus on the occupational hazards faced by firefighters. Of particular concern is the release of carbon-containing gases and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) from forest fires and urban conflagrations, which exceed the recommended limits and pose severe health risks. Firefighters exposed to these pollutants demonstrate an elevated risk of developing pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and cancer compared to the general population, indicating an urgent need for enhanced protective measures and health management strategies for firefighters. Through a meticulous analysis of the current research findings, this review delineates future research directions, focusing on the composition and properties of these pollutants, the impacts of fire-emitted pollutants on human health, and the development of novel protective technologies.

In agricultural regions of northern China, PM_2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) pollution driven by biomass burning remains a critical environmental challenge, yet uncertainties persist in source apportionment due to methodological limitations and insufficient multi-method validation in agriculturally intensive areas. This study synergistically applied receptor modeling (PMF, Positive Matrix Factorization), emission inventory, and WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) simulations to quantify biomass burning contributions in Siping City, Jilin Province, using year-round PM_2.5 compositional data (July 2021-June 2022) and localized emission parameters. The PMF model resolved six sources, identifying biomass burning as the dominant contributor (35.10 %), corroborated by emission inventory revisions incorporating satellite-derived burned area mapping (50.73 km²), which attributed 37.50 % of total PM_2.5 emissions to biomass burning. WRF-Chem simulations, driven by the revised inventory, demonstrated that biomass burning sources collectively contributed 40.13 % to ambient PM_2.5 during an episode, with residential and open burning of biomass accounting for 28.12 % and 12.01 %, respectively. These multi-method results consistently highlight biomass burning's dominance (one-third of total emissions). The findings necessitate prioritizing residential biomass emission controls through clean energy transitions, stricter enforcement of combustion regulations, and integrated management strategies to mitigate air quality degradation in agricultural regions.