Palm oil is Indonesia's main export commodity. The EU is Indonesia's largest palm oil importer second after India, so it can affect the condition of Indonesia's palm oil exports. In 2009 the EU issued a Renewable Energy Directive that may have an impact on Indonesia's palm oil exports. The purpose of this study was to analyze the competitive position of Indonesian palm oil using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Export Product Dynamics (EPD) as well as analyze the impact of policies Renewable Energy Directive towards the export value of Indonesian palm oil using gravity models. RCA analysis results indicate that the Indonesian palm oil has a comparative advantage (RCA> 1). Analysis of Indonesian palm oil EPD average is in position "Rising Star". The results of the analysis of gravity models show a real GDP per capita in the country of destination, the population of the country of destination, the export price of palm oil, and the Renewable Energy Directive policies significantly affect the value of exports of palm oil, while Indonesia and the real exchange rate had no significant effect within the economy.

This study aims to prove whether the efficiency wage theory applies in Indonesia using panel data analysis consisting of 33 provinces over a nine-year period (2010-2018). The theory posits that wage increases enhance worker productivity. The empirical findings confirm the validity of the efficiency wage theory in Indonesia, particularly in urban areas. Nominal wages have a larger positive impact on labor productivity compared to real wages and provincial minimum wages (PMW). An increase in women’s wages significantly influences labor productivity more than male wages. However, if the wage gap between males and womens widens, it can decrease aggregate labor productivity, leading to inefficiencies in the labor market and reducing the competitiveness of Indonesian workers. Geographically, wage increases in urban areas boost labor productivity, but this effect is not applicable to rural areas. The widening wage gap between urban and rural areas can increase labor productivity but may also widen development disparities between regions. Therefore, it is recommended that the government formulate wage policies supporting the welfare and productivity of workers without gender or regional discrimination. The People’s Representative Council (DPR) should enact comprehensive laws protecting women’s rights. The government, in collaboration with the legislature, can provide workforce training in rural areas to enhance knowledge and skills.Keywords: efficiency wage theory, wages, productivity, labor, wages gapAbstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan apakah teori upah efisiensi berlaku di Indonesia menggunakan analisis data panel yang terdiri atas 33 provinsi dalam kurun waktu sembilan tahun (2010-2018). Teori tersebut menyatakan bahwa kenaikan upah akan meningkatkan produktivitas pekerja. Hasil penelitian ini mengonfirmasi teori upah efisiensi secara empiris terbukti terjadi di Indonesia, khususnya di wilayah perkotaan. Upah nominal memiliki dampak positif yang lebih besar dibandingkan upah riil dan upah minimum provinsi (UMP) terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja. Kenaikan upah perempuan berpengaruh lebih signifikan terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja dibandingkan laki-laki. Namun, apabila kesenjangan upah antara laki-laki dan perempuan melebar makan akan menurunkan produktivitas tenaga kerja secara agregat sehingga menciptakan inefisiensi di pasar tenaga kerja dan mengurangi daya saing tenaga kerja Indonesia. Secara kewilayahan, peningkatan upah di perkotaan meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga kerja, tetapi tidak berlaku untuk wilayah pedesaan. Lebar kesenjangan upah antara kota dan desa dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga kerja, namun dapat pula memperluas ketimpangan pembangunan antarwilayah. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah disarankan untuk merumuskan kebijakan upah yang mendukung kesejahteraan dan produktivitas tenaga kerja tanpa diskriminasi gender atau wilayah. Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) perlu mengeluarkan undang-undang perlindungan hak-hak perempuan secara komprehensif. Pemerintah bersama DPR dapat menyediakan pelatihan tenaga kerja di pedesaan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan.Kata kunci: teori upah efisiensi, upah, produktivitas, tenaga kerja, kesenjangan upah

Background: Economic development in open economies like Indonesia was marked by international trade. Starting with the restoration of diplomatic relations in 1990, China emerged as one of the biggest trading partners for Indonesia. However, Indonesias competitiveness in the international market remained at a concerning level compared to other major exporters.Purpose: The research was conducted on the competitiveness of Indonesias agriculture exports to China during 2019-2023, for certain commodities, and described Indonesias current market position and growth prospects.Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper applied the Revealed Comparative Advantage and the methodologies of Export Product Dynamics in order to judge Indonesias competitive position in major agricultural products, such as coconut, cashew nut, Brazil nut, coffee, nutmeg, cardamom, palm oil, copra, and natural rubber.Findings/Result: The analysis showed that nutmeg and cardamom showed outstanding growth, placing them in the "Rising Stars" status in the Chinese market, as evidenced by their high export share growth coupled with a high increase in global market share. On the other hand, palm oil and copra recorded negative competitiveness, leading into the "Retreat" quadrant.Conclusion: The study suggested that to build Indonesias competitiveness in agricultural exports, it was important to improve quality and value addition through processing, besides non-tariff barrier understanding. These strategies would further fortify Indonesias market position and trade performance at large with China and globally.Originality/value (State of the art): For the first time, this research performed updated research on agri-food products export competitiveness of Indonesia to the Chinese market, by using updated data availability (2019-2023) and combined methodology approach between RCA and EPD. The obtained insights would be very important guidance for policymakers in the formulation of endorsing better trade policies in agricultural commodities within Indonesia to increase its presence in world markets. Keywords: agricultural commodities, business analytics, business policy, market position, international trade

Background: PT XYZ Indonesia is a major mining company facing high risks due to various factors impacting operational, regulatory, and reputational aspects within the mining industry. These risks can be addressed through the company's responsibility towards environmental, social, and governance (ESG) aspects. In the ESG Disclosure report of 2023, PT XYZ Indonesia was assessed below industry average in several key issues due to inadequate risk management compared to exposure.Purpose: This study aims to identify, assess, and propose appropriate measures to address ESG risks.Methodology: This research using the risk management framework of SNI ISO 31000:2018, with risk assessment methods by Godfrey (1996) and risk treatment strategies by Flanagan and Norman (1993).Results: The research identified 22 ESG risks categorized into three low-level, 12 medium-level, four high-level, and three extreme-level risks. Each risk will be treated according to four categories: retention, reduction, transfer, and avoidance. Risk treatment efforts focused on four high-level risks and three extreme-level risks at PT XYZ Indonesia, including mitigation and transfer strategies to reduce impact and losses experienced by the company.Conclusion: The potential risk most likely comes from Governance Pillar. The practical implications of these proposed strategies include enhanced operational resilience, improved regulatory compliance, and strengthened stakeholder trust, which together contribute to a more sustainable and socially responsible business model.Originality: This study introduces a comprehensive ESG risk management approach by integrating the SNI ISO 31000:2018 framework with established risk assessment and treatment methods, offering a more effective and systematic process for identifying, prioritizing, and mitigating ESG risks. This integrated approach not only enhances the precision and efficiency of risk management but also provides a scalable model for improving ESG performance across the mining sector. Keywords: risk management, mining, ESG Disclosure, ESG Risks, SNI ISO 31000:2018