BACKGROUND Memory is a vital function of the brain. Aerobic exercise has a positive effect on memory’s function, but the appropriate combination of intensity and duration of aerobic exercise is still unknown. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of optimum combinations of intensity and duration of aerobic exercise on spatial memory function. METHODS In this study, the authors performed in vivo experiment using 20 male Wistar rats (6-month-old). They were randomly divided into four groups: (1) low-intensity and short duration aerobic exercise group (L–S); (2) low-intensity and long duration aerobic exercise group (L–L); (3) high-intensity and short duration aerobic exercise group (H– S); and (4) high-intensity and long duration aerobic exercise group (H–L). The aerobic exercise treatment of each group was conducted for three weeks with a frequency of five days a week. The memory function was assessed with the help of water-E-maze on week 0, 1, 2, and 3 (a total of four times). RESULTS This study indicates that the central nervous system responds to aerobic exercise as an external stimulus differently depending on the combinations of intensity and duration. Moreover, this study demonstrates that changes in memory functions are best observed in the group with low-intensity and long duration aerobic exercise. CONCLUSIONS The combination of low-intensity and long duration of aerobic exercise for animal study can improve spatial memory functions better than any other combinations of intensity and duration of aerobic exercises in male Wistar rats.

Background. Hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with the inability of endothelial cells to maintain homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Regular exercise may be considered as an effective and low-cost nonpharmacological tool for improving vascular function, though there is no agreement on the best type of exercise. Objectives. To determine how high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) may prevent endothelial dysfunction under hyperglycemic conditions, and to compare these two interventions. Method. Twenty-four eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: healthy nonexercising control (C), hyperglycemic control (HG-C), hyperglycemic+HIIT (HG-IT), and hyperglycemic+MICT (HG-CT). Hyperglycemia was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin. Hyperglycemic animals were subjected to HIIT or MICT protocols six days a week for six weeks. Decapitation was performed the day after the exercise protocols were completed. The ascending aorta (until the abdominal artery) was examined. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the glucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) levels. A colorimetric assay was used to measure superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to measure the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to histologically analyze the aortas. Results. There was a significantly higher level of GLP-1 and lower expression of RAGE, NF-κB, and TNFα in the HG-IT and HG-CT group compared to the HG-C group. Microscopic examination of aortic tissue showed a better tissue arrangement in both treatment groups than in the HG-C group. Except for the MDA level, there were no significant differences in any of the measured parameters between the HG-IT and HG-CT groups. Conclusion. Under hyperglycemic conditions, both HIIT and MICT have a protective role against endothelial dysfunction.

Telerehabilitation has the potential to help expand the reach of rehabilitation intervention. An online questionnaire-based Delphi method set out to develop a telerehabilitation guideline for patients in Indonesia with Long COVID. A Delphi panel comprised of 24 experts was selected from all relevant disciplines. Over two rounds of Delphi testing, panelists gave opinions and indicated their level of agreement with each recommendation. Key elements of consensus for a telerehabilitation guideline for patients with Long COVID includes: the benefit of telerehabilitation, types of rehabilitation intervention needed, methods of intervention, criteria for home-based self-exercise training, set-up of rehabilitation prescription, exercise monitoring, evaluation of rehabilitation intervention and duration of rehabilitation intervention. Further research is needed to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of this guideline.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has encouraged global vaccine research, yet vaccine effectiveness in the elderly remains a concern due to immunosenescence. The aim of this study was to compare the cytokine response elicited by an inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine between elderly and young adults, focusing on key cytokines involved in cellular and humoral immunity: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Jakarta-Bogor region of Indonesia from January 2023 to December 2023. The study population was divided into two age cohorts: elderly (60−85 years) and younger adults (30−40 years). Blood samples were collected twice, after the first booster dose and four weeks after the second booster dose. Serum cytokine concentrations were measured using Luminex assays with microparticles conjugated to monoclonal antibodies against TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Comparisons of the cytokine levels were conducted using Student’s t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests as appropriate. A total of 74 individuals were included, with 37 each in the elderly and young adult groups. The results showed significant differences in cytokine responses between the two age groups. After the first booster, the levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ were significantly higher in young adults compared to the elderly. After the second booster, the levels of IL-6 were still significantly higher in the young adult group compared to the elderly group (p=0.001). Data indicated that after the second booster dose, the levels of TNF-α increased significantly in the young adult group only (p=0.004), while the levels of IL-2 (p=0.040) and IFN-γ (p=0.006) increased in the elderly group only compared to after the first dose. IL-10 levels increased in both groups (both had p=0.020). This study highlights that young adults had stronger pro-inflammatory responses, while the elderly relied more on IL-2 and IFN-γ for T-cell immunity, suggesting the need for vaccination strategies for the elderly to optimize immune responses.

The healthy Indonesia program with a family approach (PIS-PK) has not been implemented optimally. There are several obstacles and challenges in this program’s implementation, e.g., human resources. A community-based health information system (CBHIS) is a strategic approach to obtain data and information at the population level by directly involving cadres and the community. A project with the CBHIS approach was implemented in Kasemen Village, Serang, Banten Province, Indonesia to support the PIS-PK program. The study aimed to determine the population’s health status according to the healthy family index through the CBHIS approach. The data of healthy family indicators in the village were collected by cadres using a mHealth application. Overall, 1316 households consisting of 5312 residents were registered. The analysis results of the healthy family index showed that most families in the Kasemen subdistrict were pre-healthy (64.2%), almost one third were unhealthy (27.8%) and only a small proportion were healthy (8%). Assessing the healthy family index through the CBHIS approach can support decision-making at the community level, thereby determining the magnitude of family health problems and providing appropriate interventions to improve community health status. Well-trained cadres equipped with better electronic data collection tools may be an alternative to community-based data collection.