After undergoing biological treatment, wastewater still contains substances with endotoxic activity, such as lipopolysaccharide. However, due to the increasing practice of treating wastewater to make it suitable for drinking (potable reuse), the removal of these endotoxic active materials is crucial. These substances can be harmful to human health, leading to a condition called endotoxaemia. Furthermore, environmental endotoxins pose risks to pharmaceutical manufacturing processes and the quality of the final pharmaceutical products. Ultimately, the most significant concern lies with the patient, as exposure to such substances can have adverse effects on their health and well-being. Activated carbon has a proven efficiency for endotoxin removal; rice husk (RH), as a type of natural lignocellulosic agricultural waste, is a unique carbon precursor material in terms of its availability, large-scale world production (over 140 million tons annually), and is characterized by the presence of nanoscale silica phytoliths, which serve as a template to create additional meso/macropore space within the nanoscale range. High surface area RH/lignin-derived honeycomb monoliths were prepared in this study via extrusion, followed by carbonization and physical and chemical activation to develop additional pore space. The nanoporosity of the carbon honeycomb monoliths was established by means of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption studies, using calculations based on QSDFT equilibrium and BJH models, as well as mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and SEM investigations. An alternative method for the elimination of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—a conventional marker—using filtration in flowing recirculation systems and the adsorbent activity of the monoliths towards LPS was investigated. Since LPS expresses strong toxic effects even at very low concentrations, e.g., below 10 EU/mL, its removal even in minute amounts is essential. It was found that monoliths are able to eliminate biologically relevant LPS levels, e.g., adsorption removal within 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of circulation reached the values of 49.8, 74.1, 85.4, 91.3%, and 91.6%, respectively.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) hold great promise for drug delivery applications due to their large tuna-ble porosity and structural flexibility, which facilitate designs with high drug-loading capacities and biocom-patibility. Despite these advantages, controlling off-target, uncontrolled drug release remains challenging. This study develops a magnetic field-responsive magnetic nanocomposite based on MOFs to enable spatio-temporal controlled drug delivery. The design features a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle core and a nanometric zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) shell, loaded with cresyl violet as a fluorescent probe and stabilized with a fluorescein-labelled amphiphilic polymer. The nanocomposites demonstrate biocom-patibility up to 1 pM with MiaPaCa-2 cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and preferentially accumulate in endolysosomes. Exposure to high-frequency alternating or low-frequency rotating magnetic fields significantly increases the release of cresyl violet into the cytosol of MiaPaca-2 and CAF cells. This release —whether thermal or mechanical— reduces the viability of cells in 2D culture and the size of 3D spheroids composed of MiaPaCa2 and CAF cells, illustrating precise spatiotemporal control over the drug delivery process. The proposed MOF-based magnetic nanocomposites represent promising platforms for developing magnetic field-responsive drug delivery systems.