To assess the effectiveness of an online educational video in improving contact lens (CL) care knowledge and behavior. Participants completed a 47-item questionnaire on their CL hygiene knowledge and wear and care behavior. A 5-min CL educational video was shown, and participants completed a post-test. After 2 months, the same questionnaire was used to determine knowledge retention and behavioral changes. Descriptive statistics and McNemar's tests were performed. The mean age of the 132 enrolled participants was 24 years, and 61% were female. The knowledge scores significantly improved after watching the educational video (p < 0.001). Two months after the intervention, the participants reported changes in their hygienic behavior (p < 0.001). Online video-based learning is an effective educational tool for improving the knowledge and behavior of CL care. Patient education via online videos is an innovative and successful strategy that raises awareness, increases patient knowledge, and encourages preventative health behavior to avoid CL-related complications.

Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the existing soft contact lens (CL) materials regarding their influence on bacterial biofilm formation and adhesion susceptibility. Then, the study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of various disinfecting solutions and evaluate the ability of cleaning regimens in terms of anti-bacterial adhesion and biofilm removal on different soft CL materials. Methods: Bacterial biofilm formation on CLs was evaluated by biomass assay. Adhesion assay and standard plate count were carried out at time-interval periods within 24 h. Various CL disinfecting procedures were assessed for their efficacy to remove biofilm and reduce bacterial adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed for the morphological assessment of bacterial biofilm. Results: Printed hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) CLs significantly demonstrated more biofilm staining and bacterial attachment when compared with non-printed HEMA CLs, while the Filcon II 3 and Nesofilcon A CLs possessed less biofilm biomass and adherent cells. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa represented the highest biofilm producing bacteria on HEMA-based materials in this study. The disinfecting regimen with the highest efficacy was the two-step system, first using multipurpose disinfecting solution containing edetate disodium and sorbic acid (MPDS+EDSA), followed by soaking in multipurpose solution (MPS). The regimen demonstrated the greatest effect against the pre-formed biofilm and the adhesion activity of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa on the soft CLs. The SEM micrographs confirmed the morphological changes of bacterial biofilm after disinfecting and revealed that the two-step system treated CLs displayed less adherent bacteria. Conclusion: HEMA-based soft CLs may facilitate bacterial biofilm formation and adhesion capability. The two-step system was the most effective regimen for biofilm removal, where the soaking period in the disinfecting solution of the no-rub regimen should last more than 6 h to remove pre-formed biofilm.

It has been known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated from the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Majima et al. proved that mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) caused apoptosis for the first time in 1998 (Majima et al. J Biol Chem, 1998). It is speculated that mtROS can move out of the mitochondria and initiate cellular signals in the nucleus. This paper aims to prove this phenomenon by assessing the change in the amount of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) by MnSOD transfection. Two cell lines of the same genetic background, of which generation of mtROS are different, i.e., the mtROS are more produced in RGK1, than in that of RGM1, were compared to analyze the cellular signals. The results of immunocytochemistry staining showed increase of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and 2, MnSOD, GCL, GST, NQO1, GATA1, GATA3, GATA4, and GATA5 in RGK1 compared to those in RGM1. Transfection of human MnSOD in RGK1 cells showed a decrease of those signal proteins, suggesting mtROS play a role in cellular signals in nucleus.

This study presents a novel method for the early detection of strabismus, a common eye misalignment disorder, with an emphasis on its application in telemedicine. The technique leverages synchronized eye movements to estimate the pupil location of one eye based on the other, achieving close alignment in non-strabismic cases. Regression models for each eye are developed using advanced machine learning algorithms, and significant discrepancies between estimated and actual pupil positions indicate the presence of strabismus. This approach provides a non-invasive, efficient solution for early detection and bridges the gap between basic research and clinical care by offering an accessible, machine learning-based tool that facilitates timely intervention and improved outcomes in diverse healthcare settings. The potential for pediatric screening is discussed as a possible direction for future research.

Purpose: To determine the signs associated with Demodex infestation in blepharitis patients and the rates of eyelash Demodex colonization among blepharitic patients and healthy individuals in Thailand. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective, case–control clinical study. Eighty-three controls and 43 blepharitic patients were consecutively enrolled from Walailak University Hospital. Each patient answered a questionnaire, underwent a complete eye exam, and had four lashes from each eye epilated; eyelashes were directly examined under a light microscope. Ocular signs, including types of eyelash debris (waxy debris, scaly debris, or cylindrical dandruff (CD)), erythema and telangiectasia of the eyelid, were noted. Results: Demodex infestation was observed more frequently among patients with blepharitis than among controls (67.4% in the blepharitis group, 26.5% in the control group, p-value < 0.001). The participants with Demodex infestation were 5.7 times more likely to have blepharitis than the controls (odds ratio 5.74; 95% confidence interval 2.57– 12.82, p-value < 0.001). Clinical signs that were significantly (p-value < 0.05) related to demodicosis were lid erythema, lid telangiectasia, and any type of eyelash debris (scaly, waxy, or CD). Conclusion: In contrast to previous studies that found only CD to be highly associated with eyelash demodicosis, we found multiple suggestive signs: any kind of debris on eyelashes (scaly, waxy, or CD), eyelid erythema, and eyelid telangiectasia. Approximately one-quarter (26.5%) of the studied population had asymptomatic mite colonization. Demodex infestation should therefore always be on the list of possible etiologies when treating patients with blepharitis or other ocular surface-related problems.

The universe began 13.8 billion years ago, and Earth was born 4.6 billion years ago. Early traces of life were found as soon as 4.1 billion years ago; then, ~200,000 years ago, the human being was born. The evolution of life on earth was to become individual rather than cellular life. The birth of mitochondria made this possible to be the individual life. Since then, individuals have had a limited time of life. It was 1.4 billion years ago that a bacterial cell began living inside an archaeal host cell, a form of endosymbiosis that is the development of eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments. The bacterium started to provide its host cell with additional energy, and the interaction eventually resulted in a eukaryotic cell, with both archaeal (the host cell) and bacterial (mitochondrial) origins still having genomes. The cells survived high concentrations of oxygen producing more energy inside the cell. Further, the roles of mitochondria in human being’s life and aging will be discussed.