Purpose: To compare 0.01% atropine with DIMS spectacle lenses in the prevention of myopia progression in European children. Methods: This was a retrospective study including data from pediatric European patients with myopia. From November 2021 to March 2022, only 0.01% atropine was prescribed because DIMS lenses were still not available in Portugal. From March to October 2022, only DIMS spectacle lenses were prescribed due to patients’ parents’ preference. Myopia progression endpoints were axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) differences between before and 6 months after treatment. AL and SE evolution were compared using a general linear model with repeated measures. Results: The study included 98 eyes from 50 patients: 47 in the atropine group and 51 in the DIMS group. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of initial AL, initial SE, sex or age. The mean AL elongation at 6 months was 0.057 mm in the atropine group (SD = 0.118) and 0.002 mm (SD = 0.077) in the DIMS group. SE progression was − 0.098 (SD = 0.232) D in the atropine group and − 0.039 (SD = 0.105) D in the DIMS group. AL elongation was significantly lower in the DIMS lens group (p = 0.038, partial Eta² = 0.045). There was no difference in SE progression between groups (p = 0.302, partial Eta² = 0.011). Conclusion: Comparison between 0.01% atropine eyedrops and DIMS spectacle lenses for slowing the progression of myopia favored DIMS lenses in terms of AL elongation in a short-term follow-up. There was no difference in terms of SE between groups.

1. Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that often result in progressive vision loss with the potential for complete blindness at the ...

To examine the clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic overlap between adult orbital xanthogranulomatous disease (AOXD) and IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD)/IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD), illustrated by three representative cases and a literature review. We retrospectively characterized three patients with AOXD, documenting presentation, imaging, histopathology, serum IgG4 levels, systemic associations, and treatment responses. A targeted narrative review appraised shared features, proposed diagnostic criteria, and evidence of overlap between AOXD and IgG4-ROD. We applied the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for IgG4-RD and ophthalmic criteria for IgG4-ROD. All three patients had progressive, painless periocular swelling with yellow-orange lesions and variable proptosis, consistent with AOXD subtypes. Imaging showed eyelid/anterior orbital and lacrimal gland/EOM involvement, patterns reported in AOXD and IgG4-RD. Histopathology showed xanthogranulomatous inflammation with foamy histiocytes/Touton giant cells; immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased, but variable, numbers of IgG4+ plasma cells; serum IgG4 ranged from normal to markedly elevated. Corticosteroids achieved partial responses, with relapses requiring steroid-sparing therapy or B-cell depletion (rituximab) in two cases. Literature synthesis suggests that IgG4-rich inflammation can accompany AOXD without fulfilling systemic IgG4-RD criteria; true coexistence of both conditions appears less common when modern criteria are applied. AOXD and IgG4-ROD share overlapping clinical, imaging, and histopathologic features. Comprehensive assessment - including serum IgG4, tissue IgG4+ plasma cell counts, and systemic organ involvement - is recommended to avoid misclassification. The role of IgG4 in AOXD remains unresolved; evolving criteria and mechanistic studies are needed to distinguish a true pathologic overlap from an epiphenomenon. Corticosteroids remain first-line, with selected cases benefitting from steroid-sparing agents.