Biomass-derived products are a promising way to substitute the necessity for petroleum-derived products, since lignocellulosic material is widely available in our atmosphere and contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs), due to zero net emissions of CO₂. This study explores the impact of temperature and molarity on the pyrolysis of açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea, Mart.) activated with KOH and subsequently on the yield of bio-oil, hydrocarbon content of bio-oil, antioxidant activity of bio-oil, and chemical composition of the aqueous phase. The experiments were carried out at 350, 400, and 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, with 2.0 M KOH, and at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, with 0.5 M, 1.0 M, and 2.0 M KOH, at laboratory scale. The composition of bio-oils and the aqueous phase were determined by GC-MS, while the acid value, a physicochemical property of fundamental importance in biofuels, was determined by AOCS methods. The antioxidant activity of bio-oils was determined by the TEAC method. The solid phase (biochar) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffractograms identified the presence of Kalicinite (KHCO₃) in biochar, and those higher temperatures favor the formation peaks of Kalicinite (KHCO₃). The pyrolysis of açaí seeds activated with KOH show bio-oil yields from 3.19 to 6.79 (wt.%), aqueous phase yields between 20.34 and 25.57 (wt.%), solid phase yields (coke) between 33.40 and 43.37 (wt.%), and gas yields from 31.85 to 34.45 (wt.%). The yield of bio-oil shows a smooth exponential increase with temperature. The acidity of bio-oil varied between 12.3 and 257.6 mg KOH/g, decreasing exponentially with temperature, while that of the aqueous phase varied between 17.9 and 118.9 mg KOH/g, showing an exponential decay behavior with temperature and demonstrating that higher temperatures favor not only the yield of bio-oil but also bio-oils with lower acidity. For the experiments with KOH activation, the GC-MS of bio-oil identified the presence of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones, and esters). The concentration of hydrocarbons varied between 10.19 and 25.71 (area.%), increasing with temperature, while that of oxygenates varied between 52.69 and 72.15 (area.%), decreasing with temperature. For the experiments with constant temperature, the concentrations of hydrocarbons in bio-oil increased exponentially with molarity, while those of oxygenates decreased exponentially, showing that higher molarities favor the formation of hydrocarbons in bio-oil. The antioxidant activity of bio-oils decreases with increasing temperature, as the content of phenolic compounds decreases, and it decreases with increasing KOH molarity, as higher molarities favor the formation of hydrocarbons. Finally, it can be concluded that chemical activation of açaí seeds with KOH favors not only the yield of bio-oil but also the content of hydrocarbons. The study of process variables is of utmost importance in order to clearly assess reaction mechanisms, economic viability, and design goals that could be derived from chemically activated biomass pyrolysis processes. The study of the antioxidant properties of pyrolysis oils provides insight into new products derived from biomass pyrolysis.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) is one of the most important palms of the genus Euterpe and is found distributed on a large scale in the Amazon. In the process of extracting its pulp, waste is generated, called the pit - which corresponds to the endocarp and kernel of the fruit. The research was conducted with the help of the R-Studio tool and took into account the quantity of waste produced, specifically, in the years 2023 and 2024, in the city of Belém do Pará, during the harvest and off-season. Through the statistical Cluster methodology, the grouping of average data was carried out for final definition in the generation of dendrograms. In this way, the present work aimed to employ statistical methods for the collection of quantitative data on the production of açaí waste generated during the high and low production periods of açaí, in addition to proposing locations for grouping for disposal points of açaí seeds based on the route, logistics, and accessibility of the Urban Solid Waste Collection company in the city of Belém. The results obtained, demonstrate that the Jurunas neighborhood had the highest açaí production and consequently, a higher production of wastes. While the Val-de-Cans neighborhood showed the lower percentage regarding the same theme.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is a native fruit of the Amazon, and its production chain is centered in the state of Pará. The processing of açaí fruits generates large amounts of solid waste, which can pose serious risks to the environment if not used and managed properly. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that until this moment, no research had been reported in the literature on the pyrolysis of açaí fibers and the chemical composition of the aqueous phase, making possible a broad set of applications including biogas production. The present research proposes a study of the pyrolysis of açaí seeds and fibers and the physicochemical and compositional characterization of the aqueous phase products. In this way, açaí processing residues were collected in the city of Belém, PA. The seeds and fibers were dried and impregnated with NaOH solutions, and subsequently subjected to pyrolysis on a laboratory scale. The liquid products from pyrolysis were characterized through acidity index analysis, FT-IR, and gas chromatography. The increase in the concentration of the impregnating agent led to an increase in bio-oil yield from both the seeds (ranging from 3.3% to 6.6%) and the fibers (ranging from 1.2% to 3.7%). The yield in the aqueous phase showed an inverse behavior, decreasing as the concentration of NaOH increased, both in the seeds (ranging from 41% to 37.5%) and the fibers (ranging from 33.7% to 21.2%). High acidity levels were found in the liquid products studied, which decreased as the concentration of the impregnating agent increased. The increase in the concentration of the impregnating agent (NaOH) influenced the chemical composition of the obtained liquid products, leading to a decrease in oxygenated compounds and an increase in nitrogenous compounds in both experimental matrices, which was also evidenced by the reduction in acidity.

This study explores the impact of temperature and molarity in the pyrolysis of Açaí seeds (Euterpe Oleraceae, Mart.) activated with KOH on the yield of bio-oil, hydrocarbon content of bio-oil, and chemical composition of aqueous phase. The experiments were carried out at 350, 400, and 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, with 2.0 M KOH, and at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, with 0.5 M, 1.0 M and 2.0 M KOH, in laboratory scale. The composition of bio-oils and aqueous phase determined by GC-MS, while the acid value, a physico-chemical property of fundamental importance in bio-fuels, of bio-oils and aqueous phases by AOCS methods. The solid phase (biochar) characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffractograms identified the presence of Kalicinite (KHCO3) in biochar, and those higher temperatures favor the formation peaks of Kalicinite (KHCO3). The pyrolysis of Açaí seeds activated with KOH show bio-oil yields from 3.19 to 6.79 (wt.%), aqueous phase yields between 20.34 and 25.57 (wt.%), solid phase yields (coke) between 33.40 and 43.37 (wt.%), and gas yields from 31.85 to 34.45 (wt.%). The yield of bio-oil shows a smooth exponential increase with temperature. The acidity of bio-oil varied between 12.3 and 257.6 mgKOH/g, decreasing exponentially with temperature, while that of aqueous phase between 17.9 and 118.9 mgKOH/g, showing and exponential decay behavior with temperature, demonstrating that higher temperatures favor not only the yield of bio-oil but also bio-oils with lower acidity. For the experiments with KOH activation, the GC-MS of bio-oil identified the presence of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones, and esters). The concentration of hydrocarbons varied between 10.19 to 25.71 (area.%), increasing with temperature, while that of oxygenates from 52.69 to 72.15 (area.%), decreasing with temperature. For the experiments with constant temperature, the concentrations of hydrocarbons in bio-oil increase exponentially with molarity, while those of oxygenates decrease exponentially, showing that higher molarities favor the formation of hydrocarbons in bio-oil. Finally, it can be concluded that chemical activation of Açaí seeds with KOH favors the not only the yield of bio-oil but also the content of hydrocarbons. The study of process variables is of utmost importance in order to clearly assess reaction mechanisms, economic viability and design goals that could be derived from chemically activated biomass pyrolysis processes.

Waste animal fat (WAF) can be converted to distillate fractions similar to petroleum solvents and used as solvents via pyrolysis and fractional distillation. Pyrolysis oil from triglyceride materials presents adequate viscosity and volatility, compared to petroleum fuels, but shows acid values between 60–140 mg KOH/g, impeding its direct use as biofuels without considerable purification of its distillates. Fractional distillation can be applied for the purification of bio-oil, but only a few studies accurately describe the process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature in the conversion of waste animal fat into fuel-like fractions by pyrolysis and fractional distillation in a semi-batch stirred bed reactor (2 L) according to reaction time. Waste animal fat was extracted (rendering) from disposed meat cuts obtained from butcher shops and pyrolyzed in a stainless-steel stirred bed reactor operating in semi-batch mode at 400–500 °C. The obtained liquid fraction was separated according to reaction time. The pyrolysis bio-oil at 400 °C was separated into four distinct fractions (gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and heavy phase) by fractional distillation with reflux. The bio-oil and distillate fractions were analyzed by density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, and chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectra (GC-MS). The results show that, for semi-batch reactors with no inert gas flow, higher temperature is associated with low residence time, reducing the conversion of fatty acids to hydrocarbons. The distillate fractions were tested in a common application not sensible to the fatty acid concentration as a diluent in the preparation of diluted asphalt cutback for the priming of base pavements in road construction. Kerosene and diesel fractions can be successfully applied in the preparation of asphalt cutbacks, even with a high acid value.

This study explores the impact of temperature and molarity on the pyrolysis of Açaí seeds (Euterpe Oleraceae, Mart.) activated with KOH on the yield of bio-oil, hydrocarbon content of bio-oil, antioxidant activity of bio-oil and chemical composition of aqueous phase. The experiments were carried out at 350, 400, and 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, with 2.0 M KOH, and at 450 °C and 1.0 at-mosphere, with 0.5 M, 1.0 M and 2.0 M KOH, in laboratory scale. The composition of bio-oils and aqueous phase determined by GC-MS, while the acid value, a physical-chemical property of fundamental importance in biofuels, of bio-oils and aqueous phases by AOCS methods. The antioxidant activity of bio-oils determined by the TEAC method. The solid phase (biochar) characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffractograms identified the presence of Kalicinite (KHCO3) in bio-char, and those higher temperatures favor the formation peaks of Kalicinite (KHCO3). The pyrolysis of Açaí seeds activated with KOH show bio-oil yields from 3.19 to 6.79 (wt.%), aqueous phase yields between 20.34 and 25.57 (wt.%), solid phase yields (coke) between 33.40 and 43.37 (wt.%), and gas yields from 31.85 to 34.45 (wt.%). The yield of bio-oil shows a smooth exponential increase with temperature. The acidity of bio-oil varied between 12.3 and 257.6 mgKOH/g, decreasing exponentially with temperature, while that of aqueous phase between 17.9 and 118.9 mgKOH/g, showing and exponential decay behavior with temperature, demonstrating that higher temperatures favor not only the yield of bio-oil but also bio-oils with lower acidity. For the experiments with KOH activation, the GC-MS of bio-oil identified the presence of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones, and esters). The concentration of hydrocarbons varied between 10.19 to 25.71 (area.%), increasing with temperature, while that of oxygenates from 52.69 to 72.15 (area.%), decreasing with temperature. For the experiments with constant temperature, the concentrations of hydrocarbons in bio-oil in-crease exponentially with molarity, while those of oxygenates decrease exponentially, showing that higher molarities favor the formation of hydrocarbons in bio-oil. The antioxidant activity of bio-oils decreases with increasing temperature, as the content of phenolic compounds decreases, and de-creases with increasing KOH molarity, as higher molarities favors the formation of hydrocarbons. Finally, it can be concluded that chemical activation of Açaí seeds with KOH favors the not only the yield of bio-oil but also the content of hydrocarbons. The study of process variables is of utmost importance in order to clearly assess reaction mechanisms, economic viability and design goals that could be derived from chemically activated biomass pyrolysis processes.