The need to investigate the contribution of non-polio enteroviruses to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cannot be over emphasized as we move towards a poliovirus free world. Hence, we aim to identify non-polio enteroviruses recovered from the faeces of children diagnosed with AFP in Nigeria. Ninety-six isolates, (95 unidentified and one previously confirmed Sabin poliovirus 3) recovered on RD cell culture from the stool of children <15 years old diagnosed with AFP in 2014 were analyzed. All isolates were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and three different PCR reactions (one panenterovirus 5′-UTR and two different VP1 amplification assays). VP1 amplicons were then sequenced and isolates identified. 92.71% (89/96) of the isolates were detected by at least one of the three assays as an enterovirus. Precisely, 79.17% (76/96), 6.25% (6/96), 7.30% (7/96) and 7.30% (7/96) of the isolates were positive for both, positive and negative, negative and positive, as well as negative for both the 5′-UTR and VP1 assays, respectively. In this study, sixty-nine (69) of the 83 VP1 amplicons sequenced were identified as 27 different enterovirus types. The most commonly detected were CV-B3 (10 isolates) and EV-B75 (5 isolates). Specifically, one, twenty-four and two of the enterovirus types identified in this study belong to EV-A, EV-B and EV-C respectively. This study reports the circulating strains of 27 non-polio enterovirus types in Nigerian children with AFP in 2014 and Nigerian strains of CV-B2, CV-B4, E17, EV-B80, EV-B73, EV-B97, EV-B93, EV-C99 and EV-A120 were reported for the first time. Furthermore, it shows that being positive for the 5′-UTR assay should not be the basis for subjecting isolates to the VP1 assays.

Bloodstream infections remain public health problem and have resulted to morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. This study was therefore aimed at determining the prevalence of bacteremia in HIV infected patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) attending Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State. A total of 105 blood samples were cultured using brain heart infusion and subcultured on bismuth sulphite agar, MacConkey agar and chocolate agar. Isolates were identified using cultural and biochemical characterization. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using disc diffusion method. The prevalence of bloodstream infection in HIV infected patients on HAART was found to be 22.9% and they were having the CD4+ T-cell counts of <300 cells/µl. There were five males and 19 females that had bloodstream bacterial infection. A total number of 24 isolates were recovered with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent bacterial isolates 12(50.0%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus, 8 (33.3%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4 (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed a high level of resistance with highest resistance seen in Cotrimoxazole (87.5%), followed by ciprofloaxcin (83.3%), ampicillin (79.2%), levofloxacin (62.5%) while ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and gentamycin (54.2% each) showed the least resistance. The overall percentage of antibiotics resistance of the 7 selected antibiotics tested against isolated bacterial had 71.4, 67.9 and 66.1% resistance for S. pneumonia, Escherichia coli and S. aureus, respectively. However, the prevalence of bloodstream infection among HIV patients on HAART in Ekiti was relatively high and resistance to cephalosporins drugs was lower as compared to fluoroquinolones. Therefore, cephalosporin group of antibiotics is recommended for the treatment of bacteria bloodstream infection in HIV/AIDS patients. Key words: Bacteremia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antibiotics resistance, Nigeria.

Background: The need to investigate the contribution of non-polio enteroviruses to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cannot be over emphasized as we move towards a poliovirus free world. Hence, we aim to identify non-polio enteroviruses recovered from the faeces of children diagnosed with AFP in Nigeria. Methods: Ninety-six isolates, (95 unidentified and one previously confirmed Sabin poliovirus 3) recovered on RD cell culture from the stool of children <15 years old diagnosed with AFP in 2014 were analyzed. All isolates were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and three different PCR reactions (one panenterovirus 5′-UTR and two VP1 amplification assays). VP1 amplicons were then sequenced isolates identified. Results: 93.75% (90/96) of the isolates were detected by at least one of the three assays as an enterovirus. Precisely, 79.17% (76/96), 6.25% (6/96), 7.295% (7/96) and 6.25% (6/96) of the isolates were positive for both, positive and negative, negative and positive, as well as negative for both the 5′-UTR and VP1 assays, respectively. In this study, sixty-nine (69) of the 83 VP1 amplicons sequenced were identified as 27 different enterovirus types. The most commonly detected were CV-B3 (10 isolates) and EV-B75 (5 isolates). Specifically, one, twenty-four and two of the enterovirus types identified in this study belong to EV-A, EV-B and EV-C respectively. Discussion: This study reports the circulating strains of 27 non-polio enterovirus types in Nigerian children with AFP in 2014 and Nigerian strains of CV-B2, CV-B4, E17, EV-B80, EV-B73, EV-B97, EV-B93, EV-C99 and EV-A120.