Social media have become a very viable medium for communication, collaboration, exchange of information, knowledge, and ideas. However, due to anonymity preservation, the incidents of hate speech and cyberbullying have been diversified across the globe. This intimidating problem has recently sought the attention of researchers and scholars worldwide and studies have been undertaken to formulate solution strategies for automatic detection of cyberaggression and hate speech, varying from machine learning models with vast features to more complex deep neural network models and different SN platforms. However, the existing research is directed towards mature languages and highlights a huge gap in newly embraced resource poor languages. One such language that has been recently adopted worldwide and more specifically by south Asian countries for communication on social media is Roman Urdu i-e Urdu language written using Roman scripting. To address this research gap, we have performed extensive preprocessing on Roman Urdu microtext. This typically involves formation of Roman Urdu slang- phrase dictionary and mapping slangs after tokenization. We have also eliminated cyberbullying domain specific stop words for dimensionality reduction of corpus. The unstructured data were further processed to handle encoded text formats and metadata/non-linguistic features. Furthermore, we performed extensive experiments by implementing RNN-LSTM, RNN-BiLSTM and CNN models varying epochs executions, model layers and tuning hyperparameters to analyze and uncover cyberbullying textual patterns in Roman Urdu. The efficiency and performance of models were evaluated using different metrics to present the comparative analysis. Results highlight that RNN-LSTM and RNN-BiLSTM performed best and achieved validation accuracy of 85.5 and 85% whereas F1 score was 0.7 and 0.67 respectively over aggression class.

Traffic Analysis has been a problem that city planners have dealt with for years. Smarter ways are being developed to analyze traffic and streamline the process. Analysis of traffic may account for the number of vehicles in an area per some arbitrary time period and the class of vehicles. People have designed such mechanism for decades now but most of them involve use of sensors to detect the vehicles i.e. a couple of proximity sensors to calculate the direction of the moving vehicle and to keep the vehicle count. Even though over the time these systems have matured and are highly effective, they are not very budget friendly. The problem is such systems require maintenance and periodic calibration. Therefore, this study has purposed a vision based vehicle counting and classification system. The system involves capturing of frames from the video to perform background subtraction in order detect and count the vehicles using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) background subtraction then it classifies the vehicles by comparing the contour areas to the assumed values. The substantial contribution of the work is the comparison of two classification methods. Classification has been implemented using Contour Comparison (CC) as well as Bag of Features (BoF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) method.

Social media platforms have become a substratum for people to enunciate their opinions and ideas across the globe. Due to anonymity preservation and freedom of expression, it is possible to humiliate individuals and groups, disregarding social etiquette online, inevitably proliferating and diversifying the incidents of cyberbullying and cyber hate speech. This intimidating problem has recently sought the attention of researchers and scholars worldwide. Still, the current practices to sift the online content and offset the hatred spread do not go far enough. One factor contributing to this is the recent prevalence of regional languages in social media, the dearth of language resources, and flexible detection approaches, specifically for low-resource languages. In this context, most existing studies are oriented towards traditional resource-rich languages and highlight a huge gap in recently embraced resource-poor languages. One such language currently adopted worldwide and more typically by South Asian users for textual communication on social networks is Roman Urdu. It is derived from Urdu and written using a Left-to-Right pattern and Roman scripting. This language elicits numerous computational challenges while performing natural language preprocessing tasks due to its inflections, derivations, lexical variations, and morphological richness. To alleviate this problem, this research proposes a cyberbullying detection approach for analyzing textual data in the Roman Urdu language based on advanced preprocessing methods, voting-based ensemble techniques, and machine learning algorithms. The study has extracted a vast number of features, including statistical features, word N-Grams, combined n-grams, and BOW model with TFIDF weighting in different experimental settings using GridSearchCV and cross-validation techniques. The detection approach has been designed to tackle users’ textual input by considering user-specific writing styles on social media in a colloquial and non-standard form. The experimental results show that SVM with embedded hybrid N-gram features produced the highest average accuracy of around 83%. Among the ensemble voting-based techniques, XGboost achieved the optimal accuracy of 79%. Both implicit and explicit Roman Urdu instances were evaluated, and the categorization of severity based on prediction probabilities was performed. Time complexity is also analyzed in terms of execution time, indicating that LR, using different parameters and feature combinations, is the fastest algorithm. The results are promising with respect to standard assessment metrics and indicate the feasibility of the proposed approach in cyberbullying detection for the Roman Urdu language.

Sustainability incorporation within the field of Software Engineering is an emerging research area. Sustainability, from an academic perspective, has been addressed to a large extent. However, when it comes to the software industry, the topic has not received much-needed attention. Software, being designed and developed in the industry, can benefit society at large, if sustainability is taken into account by the software professionals during the software design and development process. To develop a sustainable software application, knowledge and awareness about sustainability by professional software developers is one of the key elements. This study is an attempt to examine sustainability knowledge, importance, and support from the perspective of South Asian software professionals. Additionally, this study also proposes sustainability guidelines for certain software applications and also a catalog for the identification of sustainability requirements for different software applications. The queries such as ‘What does sustainability mean to a professional software developer?’, ‘How does the software industry identify sustainability requirements?’, ‘How do software developers incorporate the sustainability parameters within software during software development?’, and many other such queries are addressed in this study. To achieve this goal, a survey was carried out among 221 industry practitioners involved in software projects in various application domains such as banking, finance, and management applications. The results pinpoint that even though sustainability is deemed important by 91% of practitioners, still there is a lack of understanding regarding sustainability incorporation in software development. A total of 48% of professionals often misunderstand “Green software” as “sustainable software”. The technical aspect of sustainability is considered most important by professionals (67%) as well as companies (77%). One of the key findings of this study is that 92% of software practitioners are not able to identify sustainability requirements for software applications. The outcomes of the study may be regarded as an initial attempt towards how sustainability is comprehended in software by the South Asian software industry.