Background: Nanotubes serve an important role in heavy metal ions in removal from waste water. The efficiency of these nanotubes is dependent on the nature of surface, pH, temperature of setting and the hydrothermal contact time. Method: The current research sought to find out the efficiency of titanate nanotubes in removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from waste water. The research concentrated on mesoporosity, pH and hydrothermal contact time, as factors affecting the efficiency of titanate nanotubes in removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions. Titanate nanotubes were prepared at different hydrothermal conditions, the prepared nanotubes were used for efficient removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+. The following technologies were utilized in the research: 1. electron microscopy (FESEM), (2) X-ray diffraction (XRD), (3) high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), (4) FTIR and BET surface area was measured by N2 adsorption using Micrometrics TriStar II. Results: The results obtained reveal that increasing the hydrothermal time improved the adsorption efficiency of the prepared material, where the Titanate nanotubes prepared at the longest time (23hr) achieved the highest removal efficiency for both Pb2+ and Cd2+ at pH 2 and pH 3, respectively. The nanotubes prepared at different conditions also showed significant activities, where the removal % exceeded 90 % for all samples at a pH range of 2 to 3. Conclusion: It was conducted that the factors that affected the efficiency could be set at optimum and the removal efficiency attained be increased, to more than 90%.

Background: Plastic is one of the most versatile and widely used materials, but the environmental accumulation of nanoplastics (NPs) poses a risk to human health. Preclinical studies have verified that the liver is one of the main organs susceptible to NPs. Biobran/MGN-3, an arabinoxylan from rice bran, has been shown to have hepatoprotective effects; here, we show Biobran’s ability to alleviate polyethylene nanoplastics (PE-NPs)-induced liver cell toxicity by reversing apoptosis and restoring G2/M cell arrest in mouse liver cells (BNL CL.2). Methods: Toxicological effects were measured using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay for cell viability and flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. An in silico study was also used to demonstrate the docking of PE-NPs to pro-inflammatory mediator proteins (IL-6R, IL-17R, CD41/CD61, CD47/SIRP), cell cycle regulators (BCL-2, c-Myc), as well as serine carboxypeptidase, which is an active ingredient of Biobran. Results: Exposing liver cells to PE-NPs caused a significant decrease in cell viability, with an IC50 value of 334.9 ± 2.7 µg/mL. Co-treatment with Biobran restored cell viability to normal levels, preserving 85% viability at the highest concentration of PE-NPs. Additionally, total cell death observed after exposure to PE-NPs was reduced by 2.4-fold with Biobran co-treatment. The G2/M arrest and subsequent cell death (pre-G0 phase) induced by PE-NPs were normalized after combined treatment. The in silico study revealed that Biobran blocks the nucleophilic centers of PE-NPs, preventing their interaction with pro-inflammatory mediators and cell cycle regulators. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential use of Biobran as a hepatoprotector against NP toxicity.