The normal appearance of the gingiva is pink to light red, and this appearance may change due to many factors and might be noticeable causing aesthetic concerns. In the Gulf area, the gingival melanin pigmentation is of the main type of concern, and patients expect the pigmentation to be removed for aesthetic reasons. Many techniques have been used to remove the melanin pigmentation such as using surgical blades, diamond or ceramic burs, chemicals, and lasers. This study is comparing the results of three lasers (Er, Cr, YSGG 2780 nm, Diode 940 nm, and 445 nm) in the removal of melanin gingival depigmentation. Clinical outcome parameters including bleeding, wound healing, pain, duration of procedure, color improvement, patient satisfaction, and relapse rate after 2 years were assessed. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, all three wavelengths were fast, effective in peeling the pigmentations and well tolerated by the patients. The esthetical results were excellent, and the patients were highly satisfied. Suggestion. To have a bigger number of samples in future papers, and histological studies might be included to explore the different impacts of each wavelength on the gingival melanin pigmentation specifically and on the gingival tissue generally.

Background. In the current research, Er,Cr:YSGG laser been used in ablative mode to peel the pigmentation, and many sessions were done to completely remove the melanin pigmentations. Materials and Methods. 85 patients were selected and Er,Cr:YSGG laser with 2780nm wavelength in ablative mode (iPlus, Biolase, USA) was used to treat patients with dark lip melanin pigmentation, using gold handpiece and MZ 10 tip (diameter of 1mm), and the parameters were set as follows: energy density 28.7J/cm², frequency 30Hz, water cooling 100, and air cooling 60. Results. The vast majority of the patients (82.4) had mild adverse effects after the lip depigmentation and 74.1 of patients reported complete improvement of the lip with a high satisfaction rate (84.7) during the follow-up period with a low level of relapse. Conclusion. Er,Cr:YSGG 2670nm is an effective tool to achieve excellent esthetic results in the treatment of lip melanin pigmentation; it is very well tolerated by patients with minimal adverse effects.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the familiarity and knowledge regarding photodynamic therapy (PDT) amongst the specialists, undergraduate and postgraduate students in the academic dental institutes. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among specialists, undergraduate and postgraduate students from three dental colleges. The three-sections questionnaire was distributed online to the targeted populations. The first section of the questionnaire aimed to collect the demographics variables of the respondents, while the second and third sections were dedicated to determining the familiarity and knowledge towards PDT, respectively. Results: Out of 700 respondents, only 403 (57.6%) responded to the questionnaire with an average age of 28.4 ±7.9 years, who were divided into 127 (31.5%) male and 276 (68.5%) female. Most respondents demonstrated an acceptable level of familiarity regarding PDT with postgraduates and specialists expressing significantly higher degree of familiarity than undergraduates. Additionally, the specialists showed a significantly higher degree of knowledge about PDT than postgraduates and undergraduates. Similarly, respondents with a longer professional career experience (>6 years) showed significantly higher knowledge than those with less years of experience. Overall, true familiarity of PDT was reported by only 25.1% of the respondents. Conclusion: Generally, respondents demonstrated average degrees of familiarity and knowledge about PDT. However, in-depth knowledge of the respondents was compromised suggesting integration of PDT topic in the dental curricula of undergraduates and postgraduates together with continuous education and training programs for dental practitioners.

Background: Palatal myoclonus (PM) is a rare movement disorder characterized by involuntary rhythmic contractions of the soft palate and adjacent musculature. Conventional therapies, including pharmacologic agents and botulinum toxin injections, frequently provide inconsistent or temporary relief and may be associated with adverse effects. This report evaluates photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) as a noninvasive neuromodulatory treatment. Cases: The two cases were managed by different clinicians in separate clinical settings under standardized protocol guidance from the primary author, allowing assessment of inter-operator reproducibility. Two patients with essential PM were treated using near-infrared diode laser PBMT. Case 1: A 26-year-old female presented with persistent PM (2.5 Hz) accompanied by dysphagia, audible clicking, and sleep disturbance. Pharmacotherapy (clonazepam and gabapentin) was discontinued due to intolerance. PBMT using a 940 nm diode laser (8.7 J/cm ² ) was applied over 20 sessions. Case 2: A 28-year-old male developed PM-like symptoms (3 Hz) following third molar extraction, associated with clicking, migraine, and myofascial pain. Neurological investigations were inconclusive. PBMT with a 980 nm diode laser (13.3 J/cm ² ) was administered over 2-month period. Results: In Case 1, contraction frequency decreased from 2.5 Hz to 0.11 Hz after treatment and remained stable between 0.12–0.36 Hz over a 7-year follow-up, with marked improvement in swallowing and sleep quality. In Case 2, contraction frequency decreased from 3 Hz to 0.3 Hz within 60 days, accompanied by functional and symptomatic improvement. Conclusion: Near-infrared PBMT produced a substantial and sustained reduction in PM activity without adverse effects. Comparable outcomes using 940 nm and 980 nm wavelengths suggest a neuromodulatory rather than purely tissue-heating mechanism. Clinical significance: PBMT may represent a safe and repeatable treatment option for essential PM, a condition with limited effective therapies. Controlled clinical studies are required to confirm optimal parameters and long-term efficacy.