With their notable thermal characteristics, fluids incorporating nanoparticles have significant importance in industrial processes. Due to the higher proficiency of hybrid nanofluid, this study is organized to observe the flow phenomenon and thermal characteristics of kerosene-oil-based hybrid ferrofluid in relation to the modified versions of two imperative Yamada–Ota and Xue models. A performance-based comparison is conducted for an incompressible hybrid ferrofluid in relation to the upgraded Yamada–Ota and Xue models. The magnetized flow mechanism in two dimensions is explored over a stretchable, curved sheet. With the ordinary kerosene oil liquid, the ferroparticles, namely cobalt ferrite and magnetite, are merged to form (CoFe₂O₄–Fe₃O₄/kerosene oil) hybrid ferrofluid. Mass and heat transport mechanisms are scrutinized with the execution of activation energy, convective constraints, Joule heating, exponential heat sources, and thermal radiation. Suitable ansatzes are utilized to achieve the dimensionless pattern of the equations that regulate the problem. To numerically explore the dimensionless equations, a powerful bvp4c strategy is implemented. On behalf of both considered models, the characteristics of hybrid ferrofluid relative to pertinent parameters are graphically investigated and comparatively analyzed. This study ensures that the improved Yamada–Ota model yields more proficient outcomes in comparison to the Xue model. Moreover, the concentration field demonstrates an escalating trend with the enhanced activation energy parameter.

In this study, we investigate the interactions of a hybrid nanofluid on a curved surface that is being stretched.

Unsteady MHD Casson fluid flow through a parallel plate with hall current is investigated. The uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plates and the fluid motion is subjected to a uniform suction and injection. The lower plate is stationary and the upper plate is moving. Explicit Finite Difference technique has been used to solve the momentum and energy equations. The effect of pressure gradient, the Hall parameter and other parameters describing in the equations are shown graphically. Effect of decaying parameter with different Casson number on primary velocity, secondary velocity and temperature distributions are illustrated in the form of the graph

After applying a magnetic field, the behavior of the partly ionized liquids is completely different from that of the ordinary fluids. In the current study, we concentrated on the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model-based three-dimensional partly ionized bioconvective flow of a second order fluid on a bidirectional permeable stretching surface. The development of the thermal and solutal flow models takes into account the impacts of non-uniform sources and sinks, Ohmic viscous dissipation, and chemical reactions. In addition, the surface boundary effects of electron and ion collisions with convective boundary conditions are seen. The mathematical flow model is transformed appropriately to create an ODE, which is then numerically solved with MATLAB's Bvp4c approach. To demonstrate the physical relevance of the flow field along various developing parameters, graphical and tabular results are created. It's noteworthy to note that while fluid temperature decreases with stronger values of the 2^nd order fluid parameter, fluid velocity improves in both directions. In addition, it is shown that raising the thermal and concentration relaxation parameters, respectively, causes a drop in the fluid temperature and nanoparticle concentration.