Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that is one of the mental disorders that cause tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Many factors determine the development of disease. A comprehensive physical examination and medical history of the patient should be part of the differential diagnosis for Parkinson’s disease (PD). According to epidemiology, Parkinson’s disease majorly affects elderly persons and frequency of affecting men is more as compared to women where the worldwide burden of Parkinson’s disease (PD) increased more than twice in the past 20 years.Main body of the In this review paper, we discussed screening models, recent clinical trials, cellular and molecular pathways, and genetic variants (mutations) responsible for induction of Parkinson’s disease. The paper also aims to study the pathophysiology, epidemiology, general mechanism of action, risk factors, neurotoxin models, cellular and molecular pathway, clinical trials genetic variants of Parkinson’s disease. These models correspond to our research into the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. The collected data for the review have been obtained by studying the combination of research and review papers from different databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, Medline, Science Direct, Medica Database, Elton B. Stephens Company (EBSCO), and Google open-access publications from the years 2017–2023, using search keywords such as “Cellular and molecular pathways, Clinical trials, Genetic mutation, Genetic models, Neurotoxin, Parkinson’s disease, Pathophysiology.”Short Conclusion: Microglia and astrocytes can cause neuroinflammation, which can speed the course of pathogenic damage to substantia nigra (SN). The mechanism of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that causes tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia is a decrease in striatal dopamine. Genes prominently CYP1A2 (Cytochrome P450 A2),GRIN2A, andSNCAare Parkinson’s disease (PD) hazard factor modifiers. The most well-known neurotoxin is 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which destroys dopaminergic neurons, resulting in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Dopamine auto-oxidation in dopaminergic (DA) neurons is a significant source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that causes neuronal oxidative stress. Most common genes which when affected by mutation lead to development and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) areLRRK2,SNCA(alpha-synuclein protein), DJ-1, PRKN(Parkin protein),PINK1,GBA1, andVPS35. The commonly used neurotoxin models for inducing Parkinson's disease are 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), rotenone, paraquat, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and genetic models. Anti-apoptic drugs, gene mutation therapy, cell-based therapy, and plasma therapy were all discontinued due to insufficient efficacy. Because it is unclear how aging affects these molecular pathways and cellular functions, future research into these pathways and their interactions with one another in healthy and diseased states is essential to creating disease-specific therapeutics.

Phytopharmaceuticals have always reported vital roles in the field of medicine hence the need to investigate safe and efficient drugs for treating metabolic disorders is very significant. Roots of Selinum vaginatum have therapeutic benefits and are widely used by the people of the Rohtang region for treating diabetes and its associated complications. The present study focusses on the isolation of the bioactive from the S. vaginatum roots for estimating acute toxicity studies, anti-diabetic and diabetic neuropathy protective action along with the mechanism of action in STZ induced Wistar rats. The Selinum vaginatum roots were collected from the Rohtang region, Himalayas. Chlorogenic acid was isolated and underwent identification by UV, HPLC, 1H NMR, C13 NMR, Mass, and FTIR spectroscopy methods. Chlorogenic acid was dosed at 10 and 20 mg/kg to observe the effects on experimentally induced diabetes and with time generated diabetic neuropathic complications. Biomarkers TNF-α, superoxide dismutase, nitrosative stress, lipid peroxide profile, and membrane-bound inorganic phosphate were analyzed. Histopathological evaluation of the liver and sciatic nerve was performed for all groups. Parameters like blood glucose levels, body weight, food intake, Thermal Hyperalgesia, Writhing, Cold Hyperalgesia Responses, Mechanical hyperalgesia, Grip Strength, Spontaneous Locomotor (Exploratory) Test, Neuromuscular Coordination tests, and lipid profile analysis showcased the anti-diabetic and diabetic neuropathy protective action of the drug. Inflammation, degradation, and necrosis were found to be reduced in the liver and sciatic nerve cells of treated groups. All the biomarkers used to analyze the oxidative pathway were significantly replenished indicates that chlorogenic acid produces these effects through this pathway.

Terpenoids and phenols from Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) have reported some pharmacological actions. The objective of the work was to isolate the active constituent, its identification by spectroscopic techniques, and evaluation of the antidiabetic and neuroprotective activity from T. ammi on STZ Wistar rats. The dried fruits of T ammi were kept in a hydrodistillation apparatus to collect essential oil. The isolated fraction went through TLC, UV, FTIR, HPLC, HRMS, C¹³, and ¹H NMR for characterization. Two dosage concentrations from the isolated compound were prepared as 10 and 20 mg/kg for treatment groups. The groups were tested for thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, writhing, grip strength, spontaneous locomotor test, neuromuscular coordination tests, and histopathological and lipid profile analysis. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg i.p.) and 12 weeks of treatment‐induced diabetic neuropathy in Wistar rats. Biomarkers were evaluated to understand the neuropathic protection of thymol on STZ‐treated Wistar rats. The biomarker studies (SOD, NO, LPO, Na⁺K⁺ATPase, and TNF‐α) further confirmed thymol’s diabetic neuropathy protective action. This study suggests that isolated compound thymol was antidiabetic and neuroprotective as it has shown controlled glucose levels defensive nerve damage in STZ Wistar rats. P < 0.05 level of significance was observed in the levels of endogenous biomarkers, fasting blood glucose levels, actophotometer response, and response latency in treated groups compared to the diabetic group, whereas P < 0.001 level of significance during lipid profile levels, thermal algesia, and neuromuscular comparison tests was noted in treated groups compared to the diabetic group.

Background: In today's global world, most women are experiencing midlife health problems which can affect their lives and mental status. Most of the diseases occurr after childbirth and during pregnancy or gestation period which can lead to severe problems such as postpartum depression (PPD), postmenopausal depression, perimenopausal depression which ultimately affects the mental health condition and develop various depressive episodes which ultimately lead to depression in women.Objective: The review paper gives the information that if there is untreated maternal depression then it can lead to anxiety, fear, negative effect on child development, disruption of the mother-infant relationship, and the occurrence of depressive symptoms in the early life of infants. Hormone levels are changed at the time of pregnancy.Methods: The data was collected by studying combination of research and review papers from different databases like PubMed, Medline, and Web of science by using search keywords like “Postpartum depression”, “Postmenopausal depression”, “Risk factors”, “Pathogenesis of PPD”, “Predictors of postpartum depression”.Results: This can lead to disrupting the quality of life of menopausal women like deficiency of nutrients, not properly regular physical activities, elevated Body Mass Index (BMI), loss of libido (loss of interest in sexual activities), due to the lack of education, and awareness among the people. Factors like increase in physical activity can naturally help in PPD condition. Mind body therapy, drug therapy and cognitive and mindfulness-based therapies help in hormonal imbalances.Conclusion: It was found that low birth weight and congenital abnormalities in babies lead to affect depression after delivery. It is recommended that health care providers and physicians are provided with information regarding factors contributing PPD and postmenopausal depression. Sleep timings and consumptions of nutraceuticals can help in natural healing with depression amongst women suffering from postpartum, postmenopausal and perimenopausal depression.

Background: Dandruff is a major problem of hair, which cannot be fully cured with the aid of chemicals. An attempt has been made to prepare a poly-herbal anti-dandruff hair care formulation and it is standardized to ensure its stability and quality aspects. Objective: The present work is oriented at the synthesis of herbal anti-dandruff hair formulation and the estimation of its various aspects for its valuability. Materials and Methods: The herbal preparation was prepared in the laboratory, on the basis of decided proportion, with the help of all the herbal contents. The pack was gauged for its various parameters. Results: The results were concluded to be sufficiently ample for the assessment of herbal formulation. The findings of different aspects vindicated the worth of the formulation. Conclusion: Herbal hair formulation has been formulated and assessed using the various aspects. It serves as a good alternate, devoid of any side effects. The results can be unified while evolving the pharmacopoeial standards.

The review gives a brief about PCOS and the symptoms related to the disease. Around 2.2 to 26% of cases of PCOS are present globally. The disorder generally occurs in the reproductive age group of women. The review has a mention of few herbs which can be used to correct the diseased condition. The various herbs have a positive effect on the diseased condition and can be used to cure symptoms like hypothyroidism, hyperplasia, obesity, diabetes, Menorrhagia, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular problems, hyperlipidemia, hirsutism, infertility, irregular menstrual cycle, etc. The search engines used are PubMed, various review articles, etc. The method involved in the review includes various medicinal herbs that have been seen to affect women having various gynecological disorders like Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome, Uterine Fibroids, and Endometriosis. The herbs included in the review include Bauhinia variegata useful in hormone imbalance, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, and Commiphora wightii are used to regulate the hormones, Cinnamon cassia acts as an anti-oxidant, Tribulus terrestris improves reproductive dysfunction, Hypericum perforatum regulates depression, Commiphora myrrha prevents menorrhagia, Nigella sativa controls cholesterol, Saraca asoca has estrogenic action, Asparagus racemosus promotes folliculogenesis, Tinospora cordifolia regulates menstrual flow, Ocimum sanctum as an anti-oxidant. The plants taken had a positive effect on women with PCOS without causing any side effects. The natural herbs used for the treatment of PCOS did not have any side effects and treated the diseased condition naturally. This review aims to understand the natural plants available for the treatment of the disease naturally. The herbs can be used individually or can be used in combination.