Background/Objectives: The burden of early-onset cancer (cancer incidence <50 years) has increased globally. Early-onset cancer carries significant societal and economic consequences. We aim to provide updated estimates for incidence and mortality of early-onset cancer. Methods: We analyzed the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 to describe the incidence, death, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR) from early-onset cancer (i.e., cancer in people aged 15–49), and its changes from 2000 to 2021 (reflected as annual percent change [APC]), using Joinpoint regression analysis. Results: In 2021, there were 3.16 million new cases and 989,650 deaths from early-onset cancer. From 2000 to 2021, the ASIR of early-onset cancer increased (APC: 0.40%, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.47%), with the highest increase observed in the Eastern Mediterranean region (APC: 1.63%, 95% CI 1.53 to 1.72%), whereas the ASDR decreased across most regions. The ASIR for early-onset cancer had a higher increase in females (APC: 0.62%, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.73%) than males (APC: 0.14%, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.23%). Breast cancer (n = 567,900) constituted the highest burden of incident cases, followed by non-melanoma skin (n = 507,810) and cervical cancers (n = 307,430). The highest increase in the ASIR was observed in non-melanoma skin cancer (APC:2.18%, 95% CI 1.85–2.51%), thyroid (APC: 1.70%, 95% CI 1.60 to 1.79%), and testicular (APC:1.37%, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.78%) cancers. The greatest increases in the ASDR were observed in peripheral nervous system cancer (APC: 0.97%, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.11%) and multiple myeloma (APC: 0.62%, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.72%). Conclusions: From 2000 to 2021, the age-adjusted incidence of early-onset cancer increased, with variation across regions and cancer types. Immediate measures are required at a global, regional, and national level to mitigate the burden of early-onset cancer.

Summary: Background: Faecal haemoglobin (f‐Hb) testing is used in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and increasingly to guide the investigation in patients with symptoms suggestive of CRC. Studies have demonstrated increased mortality with raised f‐Hb.Aims: To assess the association of raised f‐Hb with all‐cause, non‐CRC (any cause excluding CRC) and cause‐specific mortality.Methods: We searched Medline and Embase on 9 February 2024 to identify papers reporting mortality after faecal immunochemical (FIT) or guaiac faecal occult blood tests (gFOBT). The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality following a positive compared to a negative test.Results: The search identified 3155 papers. Ten met the inclusion criteria: three reported gFOBT and seven reported FIT results, as screening tests. These reported a total of 14,687,625 f‐Hb results. Elevated f‐Hb was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause, non‐CRC and cause‐specific mortality including death from cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory diseases. Crude risk ratios for all‐cause mortality with a positive versus negative test were derived from six papers (three reporting gFOBT, three FIT). An increased risk was demonstrated in five, with RRs ranging from 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06–1.16) to 2.95 (95% CI: 2.85–3.05). For non‐CRC mortality risk, RRs ranged from 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04–1.15) to 2.79 (95% CI: 2.70–2.89). We did not perform meta‐analysis due to a limited number of papers reporting suitable results for each type of f‐Hb test.Conclusions: All‐cause, non‐CRC and cause‐specific mortality appear higher in those with raised f‐Hb. Population‐based studies are warranted to elicit whether this association occurs in symptomatic patients.

Despite the encouraging findings of temporalis muscle-based facial reanimation surgery without the need for nerve grafting, there is a need for comprehensive evaluation of the impact of temporalis-based facial reanimation surgery on key outcome measures. Comprehensive search in Medline and Embase databases were carried out up to 25 February 2023. The articles that examined facial reanimation surgery using the temporalis muscle were included in this study. Postoperative changes in smile excursion and the angle of the mouth while smiling were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Narrative synthesis was conducted for other outcomes including assessments of spontaneous smile, subjective evaluation of facial symmetry using validated rating tools, functional outcomes, aesthetic outcomes and patient-reported outcomes owing to heterogeneity in reporting of the outcomes. Twenty-four studies were included in the analysis. Conflicting evidence was demonstrated regarding emotional smile outcomes and its definition. The pooled changes in smile excursion postsurgery were 7.06 mm (95% CI: 3.73-10.40, P < 0.001; I² = 0%) and the angle of the mouth were 11.76° (95% CI: 8.80-14.71, P < 0.001; I² = 0%). Significant improvement was reported across the validated rating scales of symmetry, functional outcomes, aesthetic outcomes and patient-reported outcomes whereas the superiority compared to other procedures remained inconclusive. Overall, temporalis-based facial reanimation surgery is a promising option for addressing the negative effects of facial nerve paralysis on the patients’ quality of life. This study highlights the uncertainty surrounding the technique and need for further studies.