Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by disturbances in eating behavior and occur worldwide, with a lifetime prevalence of 2 to 5%. Their etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving a complex interplay between genetic, biological, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental factors. They are more common among females than males and may be associated with medical and psychiatric complications, impaired functioning, and decreased quality of life. This narrative review aims at providing an updated contribution to the current understanding of gender differences in eating disorders (EDs) focusing on male population to foster more targeted and effective clinical interventions. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted by analyzing several major databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Only in recent years, there has been increased attention on the male population, revealing multiple differences between genders in terms of prevalence, onset, phenomenology, diagnosis, comorbidities, and outcomes of EDs. Moreover, the relationship between different sexual orientations and/or gender identities and EDs is an emerging field of study. Data suggest an increase in eating disorders (EDs) also among the male population underlines the importance that healthcare personnel of all specialties acquire basic competencies for adequately tackling these disorders in a gender perspective. In particular, prevention and early intervention, especially during critical developmental periods like puberty and adolescence, are crucial to avoid permanent damage. Future research and public health initiatives involving schools and families and targeting males should be addressed to promote a healthy relationship with food and body image, reduce stigma, and encourage people to seek help when needed.

Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals continue to experience harassment and discrimination across various aspects of life, significantly impacting their physical and mental health. The scarcity of data on their general health, particularly regarding dietary habits, remains a challenge in developing effective healthcare strategies for this population. To address this gap, we analyzed selected dietary habits, physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI) among Italian TGD adults compared to the Italian general population (IGP). An online anonymous survey was conducted via the Computer Assisted Web Interviewing technique from June 2020 to June 2021. Participants were enrolled through clinical centers and TGD organizations. Data from 959 TGD adults were analyzed using chi-squared tests and logistic regression models. Key findings indicated that approximately 70% of TGD individuals consumed fewer servings of fruit and vegetables (FV) than recommended (five or more servings per day). Although red meat consumption was lower overall, a greater percentage of TGD individuals reported consuming more than three servings per week. Additionally, 58% of TGD participants indicated that they did not engage in any PA, compared to 36% of the IGP. Notably, significant differences in BMI were identified, with higher rates of overweight and obesity among TGD individuals assigned female at birth. These results underscore the urgent need for tailored nutritional guidelines and inclusive public health strategies to meet the specific health needs of the Italian TGD population. Expanding access to targeted interventions could contribute to improving overall well-being in this marginalized group.