The phenomenal growth of the Electric Vehicle (EV) technology demands efficient and intelligent control strategies for the propulsion system. In this work, a novel fuzzy fractional order PID (FOPID) controller using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm has been proposed to control EV speed effectively. The controller parameters and the fuzzy logic controller’s membership functions are tuned and updated in real-time using the multi-objective ACO technique. The proposed controller’s speed tracking performance is verified using the new European driving cycle (NEDC) test in the MATLAB-Simulink platform. The proposed controller outperforms the ACO-based fuzzy integer-order PID (IOPID), FOPID, and traditional IOPID controllers. The sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of the proposed controller for varying parameters of the EV model. The stabilization of EV speed in the presence of external disturbance is also confirmed. In the proposed work, an attempt is made to analyze the system’s stability using Matignon’s theorem, considering the linearized EV model. The proposed controller gives optimum speed tracking performance compared to the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based fuzzy FOPID controllers. Additionally, the optimized fuzzy FOPID controller is realized using a second-generation current conveyor with extra inputs (EX-CCII) and fractional-order capacitors with electronic tunability. The controller circuit’s performance evaluation is carried out in the Cadence Analog Design Environment using GPDK 180 nm CMOS process.

The paper presents the design and circuit realization of an optimized fractional-order PID controller (FOPID) for speed control of a permanent magnet brushless direct current (BLDC) motor. Here, the FOPID controller is designed using the Nelder-Mead optimization algorithm. The servo-regulatory performance of the BLDC motor using the FOPID controller is compared with integer-order PID controllers, which are designed using tuning methods like Ziegler Nichols, Astrom-Hagglund, Cohen-Coon, and Chien-Hrones-Reswick method. The FOPID controller circuit is realized using Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTAs) and capacitors in Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Environment using GPDK 180 nm technology and simulated using Spectre circuit simulator. The circuit realization is based on the multiple-loop-feedback structure. The OTA-C realization facilitates advantages like electronic tunability, resistor-less, and on-chip realization capability. The time and frequency domain performance measures of the OTA-C FOPID controller with the BLDC motor are evaluated using the Cadence software and compared with the theoretical plots. Finally, a modified OTA-C circuit with reduced active element count is used, and its performance is evaluated.

New first- order and second-order voltage-mode inverse filter circuits employing operational amplifier (opamp) are presented. The first-order inverse low-pass, first-order inverse high-pass and second-order inverse band-pass filter circuits are presented. The op-amp based first-order amplitude equalizer circuit is also presented. The considered inverse filters are checked for functionality using TINA SPICE simulator.

In this paper, an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) based fractional order all pass filter (FOAPF) of order is presented. The FOAPF uses two DO-OTAs (dual output OTAs) and single fractional order capacitor (FC) of non-integer order α. A value of α as 0.5 and 0.3 is taken for FC in our investigation. The proposed FOAPF is verified using PSPICE tool. Simulated AC responses are found to be in good agreement with theory.

In this paper, a general first order structure using dual output OTA is explored to derive new first-order and second-order filters using OTAs with dual outputs and grounded capacitors. Two first-order all-pass filters that have been obtained are presented together with an analysis of non-idealities of OTAs viz., finite bandwidth and parasitic output and input resistances and capacitances. Second-order all-pass filters obtained by using OTA-C simulated inductances using the first-order structure are also presented. The realization of quadrature oscillators using the proposed first-order all-pass networks is also considered.