Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become attractive tools for both the treatment and prevention of influenza A viruses due to their ability to target several viral components, which confers broad therapeutic potential. Advances in biotechnology, such as hybridoma technology, phage display technology, B cell immortalization, and artificial intelligence (Al)-driven antibody design, have significantly accelerated the development of effective mAbs. Clinical trials have shown that mAbs can improve clinical outcomes particularly in high-risk and immunocompromised populations by lowering viral loads and reducing disease severity. However, high production costs, the need for intravenous administration, and the risk of viral escape mutations are some of the obstacles to widespread clinical adoption. Post-marketing surveillance serves as a valuable source of information regarding safety, real-world effectiveness, and patterns of resistance. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), particularly those directed against conserved regions of the virus’s surface proteins, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), have demonstrated efficacy against antigenic drift-derived variants. Nevertheless, the emergence of escape mutants underscores the need for careful monitoring of mAb candidates and combination therapy. Monitoring genomic shifts requires a careful focus on the targeted regions affected by combination therapy. Challenges in accessibility are compounded by financial barriers, emphasizing the importance of large-scale production and alternative delivery methods, such as inhaled mAbs. To ensure that future mAb-based therapies for influenza A are both effective and accessible, it is critical to integrate resistance surveillance tools, monitoring AI, and advanced computational modeling in therapeutic strategies. This comprehensive review discusses the potential of mAbs to enhance influenza A treatment by offering precise and adaptable alternatives to traditional antivirals. It also examines recent technological advances, clinical performance, and scalability that may redefine future therapeutic strategies.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an ever-growing threat to global healthcare. It is largely driven by delayed or inadequate pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in routine clinical workflows. By the time the clinician receives results to guide treatment from traditional culture-based diagnostics, several days may have elapsed, leading to the use and potential over-prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the development of resistant pathogens. A rapid and clinically actionable diagnostic approach at the clinical point of care (POC) may help address this gap. This review examines current and emerging POC diagnostic technologies for AMR and outlines the fundamental principles and mechanistic classifications of POC diagnostic technologies. These include phenotypic, genotypic, immunological, and biosensor-based approaches. A critical overview of key technological platforms, including rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), microfluidics and isothermal nucleic acid amplification (e.g., LAMP and RPA), CRISPR-based diagnostics, nanomaterial-enhanced biosensors, and mobile-integrated systems is provided. The impact of POC diagnostics on antimicrobial stewardship, time to appropriate therapy, and patient outcomes in primary care settings, hospitals, intensive care units, and resource-limited settings is presented and discussed. In addition to clinical implementation challenges, this review considers the issues of analytical performance, workflow, regulatory pathways, cost, and implementation readiness. In addition, it outlines key trends regarding digital integration, surveillance, workforce training, and policy frameworks. Overall, the review outlines the role of POC diagnostics in enhancing antimicrobial response surveillance and the global fight against AMR. Among emerging platforms, rapid phenotypic AST, microfluidic and isothermal-based assays, CRISPR-based diagnostics, and integrated biosensor systems show the greatest potential for near-term clinical impact; however, widespread implementation remains constrained by challenges related to clinical validation, cost, workflow integration, and alignment with antimicrobial stewardship frameworks.

Objective: This cross-sectional-survey-based study aimed to investigate the severity of side-effects from Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mRNA (Pfizer, Moderna), viral vector DNA (Oxford-AstraZeneca, J&J/Janssen), inactivated virus (Sinopharm, Sinovac), and other vaccines among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Saudi Arabia, focusing on their impact on work attendance. Methods: A total of 894 HCWs residing in Saudi Arabia participated in this study from March 2023 to May 2023. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing demographic information, vaccination status, comorbidities, vaccine side-effects, and missed work information after vaccination. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for data analysis. Results: The majority of participants were female (83.7%) and aged 25–34 years (42.8%). Most participants were predominantly vaccinated with mRNA vaccines. Common side-effects included pain at the injection site, fatigue, fever, and chills. However, no significant association was found between vaccine type, side-effects, and work absenteeism. While demographic factors such as age and healthcare profession did not influence work absenteeism, variations were observed among different racial groups. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination among HCWs in Saudi Arabia is associated with common side-effects, but their impact on work attendance is not significant. Understanding these implications can inform strategies to support the healthcare workforce and mitigate the impact on patient care and staffing during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major global public health threat, largely driven by inappropriate antibiotic use. Smart health technologies (SHTs), including mobile health applications and digital stewardship tools, offer promising opportunities to improve antibiotic use and strengthen antimicrobial stewardship. This study assessed public knowledge, practices, and stated acceptance of selected SHTs related to antibiotic use and AMR management among adults residing in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among adults residing in Saudi Arabia between November 2025 and January 2026 using a structured questionnaire assessing knowledge and practices related to antibiotic use, awareness of SHTs, perceived barriers, and acceptance of digital health technologies. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. Results: A total of 434 consenting participants were included in the final analysis. Participants demonstrated gaps in knowledge of antibiotic use and AMR, while misconceptions and inappropriate practices remained common, including lifetime non-prescription antibiotic use (37.8%) and sharing antibiotics (31.3%). Awareness of SHTs was limited, with only 30.4% aware of antibiotic-related mobile health applications. Despite limited awareness, 61.8% were willing to use medication-reminder applications and 87.3% preferred electronic prescriptions. The mean acceptance score was 4.39 ± 0.66/5, and 79.7% had high stated acceptance. In an exploratory adjusted analysis, female respondents had higher odds of meeting the predefined high-acceptance threshold (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.04–3.40); however, this finding should be interpreted cautiously because the overall regression model was not statistically significant and showed modest discrimination. Perceived barriers were not independently associated with acceptance. Conclusions: Despite gaps in knowledge and persistent inappropriate antibiotic-use practices, the surveyed online respondents demonstrated favorable stated attitudes toward selected smart health technologies. These findings should not be interpreted as evidence of actual adoption or national implementation readiness. Further nationally representative and prospective studies are required before broader implementation can be recommended.

Background: Meat-related bacterial food poisoning remains an important public-health concern, and safe household food handling is essential for prevention. Objective: To assess food-poisoning knowledge, household meat-handling practices, and associated factors among adults in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey using convenience sampling through social media was conducted from July 2025 to January 2026. Recognition scores were analyzed using ordinary least squares with HC3 robust covariance. Additional analyses were specified before model fitting but were not prospectively prespecified in the original protocol. The study-specific questionnaire was not formally validated. Results: Among 598 participants, improper meat storage (83.9%) and undercooked or raw meat consumption (83.3%) were the most frequently recognized causes. Only 10.9% reported using a food thermometer, while social media was the most frequently reported source of food-safety information. Conclusions: Important gaps remain in meat-related food-safety knowledge and practices in Saudi Arabia. Targeted education on safe storage, thawing, thermometer use, and appropriate responses to suspected foodborne illness may help improve household food-safety practices.