Concerns over the safety of ethoxyquin (EQ) highlight the need for safer, more effective feed antioxidants. This study investigated a healthier antioxidant compound (AC) as a potential alternative to EQ in broilers. A total of 351 one-day-old Arbor Acres Plus male broilers were randomly assigned to three treatments for 21 days: control (CON), EQ group (200 g/ton EQ at 60% purity), and AC group (200 g/ton AC containing 18% butylated hydroxytoluene, 3% citric acid, and 1% tertiary butylhydroquinone). AC supplementation reduced the acid value, peroxide value, and malondialdehyde content in stored feed, decreased feed intake and the feed conversion ratio without affecting body weight gain, and enhanced antioxidant capacity (liver total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase; intestinal catalase and glutathione peroxidase 7). It improved intestinal morphology and decreased barrier permeability (lower diamine oxidase and D-lactate), potentially by promoting ZO-1, Occludin, and Mucin2 expression. The AC also upregulated NF-κB p50 and its inhibitor (NF-κB p105), enhancing immune regulation. Additionally, the AC tended to increase beneficial gut microbiota, including Lactobacillus, and reduced Bacteroides, Corprococcus, and Anaeroplasma. Compared to EQ, the AC further enhanced feed oxidative stability, the feed conversion ratio, intestinal morphology and barrier functions, and inflammatory status, suggesting its potential as a superior alternative to EQ for broiler diets.

Lipid peroxidation driven by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oxidation compromises feed quality and animal health. Single antioxidants (e.g., ethoxyquin (EQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)) face limitations including dose-dependent toxicity, bioaccumulation risks, and inadequate protection against multistage oxidation. Composite systems leveraging complementary mechanisms offer a promising alternative. This study evaluated synergistic efficacy of rationally formulated composite antioxidants (combining synthetic radical scavengers and metal chelators) versus single-component systems in enhancing lipid oxidative stability in high-fat animal feed. The basal diet containing oxidized oil served as the control group (CON). Seven groups were supplemented with the basal diet as follows: Treatment A, 36 g/ton Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT); Treatment B, 60 g/ton Ethoxyquin (EQ); Treatment C, 132 g/ton EQ; Treatment D, 10 g/ton EQ + 12 g/ton BHT; Treatment E, 10 g/ton EQ + 12 g/ton BHT + 6 g/ton Citric acid (CA); Treatment F, 20 g/ton EQ + 6 g/ton BHT + 6 g/ton CA; and treatment G, 2 g/ton EQ + 25 g/ton BHT + 6 g/ton CA. Oxidative stability was assessed over a 10-week period under natural storage (T0-T10) and acute thermal stress (120 °C drying for 2 h followed by ambient storage; HT0 to HT10). Oxidative stability was assessed via: antioxidant capacity (DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)/ABTS (2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging, total antioxidant capacity), physical indices: Color (L*, a*, b*), and chemical oxidation markers: conjugated dienes (CD), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), malondialdehyde (MDA), acid value (AV), total oxidation (TOTOX). Superior synergistic performance of the ternary blend (Treatment E) was demonstrated versus singles (A/B/C). Retention of radical scavenging capacity was significantly enhanced, with greater stability observed under accelerated storage. Primary oxidation (PV) and secondary oxidation (MDA, p-AV) were most effectively suppressed by Treatment E. Superior color stability (minimal L* change) was maintained under thermal stress. The lowest TOTOX values were achieved across all conditions by Treatment E. Stage-specific vulnerabilities were shown by single antioxidants (BHT volatilization; pro-oxidative effects of EQ at high doses). Comprehensive, temperature-resilient protection was delivered collectively by the synergistic EQ+BHT+CA system (Treatment E) via combined radical quenching and metal chelation. The inherent limitations of individual antioxidants were effectively overcome by the optimized composite, enabling reduced total dosage while substantially extending the lipid oxidative stability period.