Residential air conditioning loads with energy storage characteristics can quickly participate in the demand response, making it an important demand response resource. It can improve resource utilisation and the flexibility of power grid operation through the effective regulation. However, the degree of residential air conditioning to participate in demand response is affected by the outdoor temperature, users’ comfort settings, thermal storage and insulation properties of buildings. Moreover, the difficulty of assessing the demand response potential is further increased by the uncertainty of the influencing factors. To guide the residential air conditioners to participate in the power grid operation, the aggregated air conditioner model is established to describe the relationship among the total power, the external environment, and the indoor temperature. The demand response potential model is established from the amount and the duration of demand response. The effects of outdoor temperature, indoor temperature adjustment and the number of air conditioners participating in the response are quantitatively evaluated. Finally, the accuracy of the aggregated model and demand response potential model are verified by numerical simulation.

In order to meet the challenges brought by the high penetration of intermittent and fluctuating wind and solar power, a short-term optimal scheduling model for wind-solar-hydro hybrid generation system with cascade hydropower is established with the objective of minimizing the amount of abandoned wind, solar and hydro power and maximizing the stored energy of hydro stations. Cascade hydropower is considered to provide spinning reserve and regulation reserve to ensure the security of system. Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) method is used for the short-term optimal schedule of wind-solar-hydro hybrid generation system. The case studies show that spinning reserve and regulation reserve are beneficial to the hybrid generation system, and verify the practical applicability of the proposed model.

In order to ensure joint operation of wind-PV-hydro complementary generation system with cascade hydro-power owned by multiple stakeholders, an equitable and efficient allocating mechanism for incremental benefit is of great importance. Firstly, the incremental benefit from joint operation is quantified for wind-PV-hydro complementary generation system with cascade hydro-power owned by multiple stakeholders in this paper. Then, different allocation methods such as proportional method, marginal benefits method, last addition method, Shapley value method, and Aumann-Shapley value method are applied to allocate the incremental benefit for each stakeholder. Next, a 4-stakeholder wind-PV-hydro complementary generation test system is employed to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the presented different allocation methods and a 9-stakeholder wind-PV-hydro complementary generation test system is used to verify that Aumann-Shapley value method can reduce computational burden with regard to the participation of large number of stakeholders compared with traditional cooperative game-based method such as Shapley value method.

This paper proposes a model to realize the coordinated optimal dispatch of wind-solar-hydro-thermal hybrid power generation system, aiming at minimizing the power generation cost of thermal generators and maximizing the water storage value of hydropower stations at the end of the scheduling periods, while considering the dynamic frequency response of wind/solar/hydro/thermal generators. Considering the virtual inertia and droop control of wind farms and PV stations, the dynamic frequency response model of wind-solar-hydro-thermal multi-energy complementary system is derived and the metrics that evaluate the frequency dynamic characteristics of the generation system are presented. Then the dynamic frequency response constraints are incorporated into the traditional optimal scheduling model and the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) method is used to solve it. Finally, the validity and applicability of the proposed model are verified by simulation examples.

In order to encourage hybrid generation of multiple wind/solar/hydro power stakeholders, synergistic gains from hybrid generation should be allocated fairly, efficiently and reasonably to all power stakeholders. This paper explores how cooperative game theory resolves conflicts among multiple wind/solar/hydro power stakeholders. Elaborate allocation processes of the nucleolus, Shapley value and MCRS methods are presented in resolve synergistic gains allocation problems of wind–solar–hydro hybrid generation system with cascade hydropower. By analyzing properties such as existence, uniqueness and rationality, we find that both the Shapley value and MCRS methods are fair, efficient and rational allocation methods whereas the nucleolus method is limited by reservoir volume of hydro power stakeholders. Analyses on computational feasibility show that the Shapley value method may induce combinational explosion problem with the integration of more power stakeholders. A further application in Yalong River basin demonstrates that, compared with the Shapley value method, the MCRS method significantly simplifies allocating process and improves computational efficiency. Therefore, the MCRS method is recommend as a fair, efficient, rational and computational feasible allocation method for hybrid generation system with large number of wind/solar/hydro power stakeholders.

In order to provide reasonable economic signals for distribution companies (DISCOs) and further compensate for distributed generators (DGs) integrated in distribution networks equitably, the contributions of DGs to loss and emission reduction in distribution networks should be allocated according to their own responsibilities. Generally, the loss and emission reduction of the network can be allocated based on traditional cooperative‐game‐based allocation methods such as nucleolus method and Shapley value method. However, traditional cooperative‐game‐based allocation methods will result in the combinational explosion problem with the integration of a large number of DGs. In order to tackle this problem, minimum costs‐remaining savings (MCRS) method and Aumann–Shapley value method are employed for loss and emission reduction allocation. Simulation results of two cases show that compared with the allocation results of traditional cooperative‐game‐based allocation methods, the proposed MCRS method and Aumann–Shapley value method both have the characteristics of individual rationality, coalition rationality, and global rationality. Furthermore, neither MCRS method nor Aumann–Shapley value method has the problem of combinational explosion, which can reduce computational burden with regard to the integration of a large number of DGs.